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  • 21 Aug, 2019

  • By, Wikipedia

Allenby Formation

The Allenby formation is a sedimentary rock formation in British Columbia which was deposited during the Ypresian stage of the Early Eocene. It consists of conglomerates, sandstones with interbedded shales and coal. The shales contain an abundance of insect, fish and plant fossils known from 1877 and onward, while the Princeton Chert was first indented in the 1950s and is known from anatomically preserved plants.

There are several notable fossil producing localities in the Princeton & Tulameen basins. Historical collection sites included Nine Mile Creek, Vermilian Bluffs, and Whipsaw Creek, while modern sites include One Mile Creek, Pleasant Valley, Thomas Ranch, and the Princeton Chert.

Extent and correlation

The Allenby is estimated to have an overall extent of approximately 300 km (120 sq mi), though actual outcroppings of the formation make up less than 1% of the formation, while other exploratory contact is via boreholes and mines. The half-graben which contains the formation is separated into two major depositional basins, the Princeton basin around Princeton, British Columbia and the Tulameen basin centered approximately 17 km (11 mi) west. The grabens extensional faults at the eastern side of the basin place the hanging wall Allenby strata in contact with much older foot wall strata of the Nicola Formation which dates to the Upper Triassic.

The Allenby Formation is the southern-most of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands lakes in British Columbia, and second most southern site after the Klondike Mountain Formation of Republic, Washington and northern Ferry County. In British Columbia, the formation is coeval to the Tranquille Formation, known from the McAbee Fossil Beds and Falkland site, the Coldwater Beds, known from the Quilchena site, and Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park. The highlands, including the Allenby Formation, have been described as one of the "Great Canadian Lagerstätten" based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome preserved across a large transect of lakes recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines.

The warm temperate uplands floras of the Allenby Formation and the highlands, associated with downfaulted lacustrine basins and active volcanism are noted to have no exact modern equivalents, due to the more seasonally equitable conditions of the Early Eocene. However, the formation has been compared to the upland ecological islands in the Virunga Mountains within the Albertine Rift of the African rift valley.

The earliest work in the region was on exploratory expeditions in 1877 and 1878, with fossils collected in the areas of Nine-Mile Creek, Vermilian Bluffs on the Similkameen River, and Whipsaw Creek. While reporting on additional plant fossils collected from British Columbia, Penhallow (1906) noted the likely coeval status of the Princeton basins with many of the sites now considered the Okanagan Highlands. Modern collecting has centered on the areas around One Mile Creek, Pleasant Valley, and Thomas Ranch.

Age

The age estimates for the Allenby Formation have varied a number of times since the first explorations happened in the 1870s. Shaw (1952) dated the formation as Oligocene, an age followed by Arnold (1955). Half a decade later, the older age of 48 ± 2 million years old was first suggested, with a younger age being suggested at 46.2 ± 1.9 million years old in 2000 and an older date of 52.08 ± 0.12 million years ago obtained from uranium–lead dating of zircons from Vermilion Bluffs shale in 2005.

Lithology

The Allenby is composed of cyclical sedimentation events that were deposited along the course of a river-system in conjunction with depositional areas from nearby lakes and wetlands. Coeval volcanic eruptive events are recorded as interbeds of tephras and lavas, while the riverine course is marked with depositional areas of conglomerates and sandstones. The quieter environments are noted for finer layers of shales and coalified layers.

The coal seams throughout the formation are typically sub-bituminous.

Notable in conjunction with the coal seams are sections of chert which formed during silica rich periods. The rapid cyclical changes from coal to chert and back are not noted in any other fossil locality in the world. An estimated 49 coal-chert cycles are known, though the exact conditions for this process are not well understood. Silica rich volcanic episodes in the region during deposition would have been needed for formation of the cherts, while slowly moving waters and gently subsiding terrains would be needed for the peats and fens to accumulate. Rates of organic deposition in swamps have been estimated at 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) in modern temperate climates, this suggests the time needed for each 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) chert layer would be at least 100 years or more, with the full sequence of cycles taking place over no more than 15,000 years.

Palynoflora

Palynological analysis of samples from the Thomas ranch site by Dillhoff et al. (2013) resulted in the identification of 32 pollen and spore types that were assignable to family or genus level, with a total number of distinct pollen and spore types, including unassignable morphotypes, number over 70. The predominant pollens of the site are conifers, which make up between 85%–97% of the total pollens, while the angiosperm pollens are dominated by members of Betulaceae.

Several pteridophyte families and genera are represented as spore fossils alone, without corresponding megafossil records, including Lycopodiaceae, Osmundaceae, and Schizaeaceae. Similarly, at least three additional conifer genera are only present as pollen fossils and up to 12 angiosperms are present in the pollen record. Sometimes considered a Biostratgraphic index fossil, the angiosperm palynospecies Pistillipollenites macgregorii has been recovered from several sites in the Allenby Formation, while the palynospecies Erdtmanipollis pachysandroides is rare, having only been reported from the formation twice.

Family Genus Species Pollen/Macrofossil Notes Images

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex

Unidentified

Pollen

A holly palynomorph

Arecaceae

Sabal

Cf.Sabal granopollenites

Pollen

A palm palynomorph

Buxaceae

Erdtmanipollis

Erdtmanipollis pachysandroides

Pollen

A box family palynomorph

Betulaceae

Alnus

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

An alder palynomorph

Betulaceae

Betula

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A birch palynomorph

Betulaceae

Carpinus

Unidentified

Pollen

A hornbeam palynomorph

Betulaceae

Corylus

unidentified

Pollen

A hazelnut palynomorph

Cupressaceae

Cunninghamia

unidentified

Pollen

A Cunninghamia like palynomorph

Cupressaceae

Sequoiapollenites

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A redwood palynomorph

Cupressaceae

Taxodiaceaepollenites

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A Taxodioideae subfamily palynomorph

Elaeagnaceae

Cf. Elaeagnus

Unidentified

Pollen

An elaeagnaceous palynomorph, similar to oleaster

Ericaceae

unidentified

Unidentified

Pollen

An ericaceous palynomorph of uncertain affinity

Fagaceae

Castanea

Unidentified

Pollen

A chestnut palynomorph

Fagaceae

Eotrigonobalanus

Unidentified

Pollen

A fagaceous palynomorph

Fagaceae

Fagus

"Fagus Pollen type 3"

Pollen

A beech palynomorph

Fagaceae

Fagus

"Fagus Pollen type 2"

Pollen

A beech palynomorph

Fagaceae

Paraquercus

Paraquercus eocaena

Pollen

A fagaceous palynomorph

Fagaceae

Quercus

"Quercus Pollen type 1"

Pollen

An oak palynomorph, similar to Quercus Group Lobatae pollen

Fagaceae

Quercus

"Quercus Pollen type 2"

Pollen

An oak palynomorph, ancestral type with Quercus Group Ilex morphology

Fagaceae

Trigonobalanopsis

Unidentified

Pollen

A fagaceous palynomorph

Fagaceae

Unidentified

Unidentified

Pollen

A Fagoideceous palynomorph

Fagaceae

Cf. Quercus

Unidentified

Pollen

A fagaceous palynomorph, similar to oak

Ginkgoaceae

Cycadopites

Cycadopites follicularis

Pollen & macrofossils

A Gingko palynomorph

Hamamelidaceae

Liquidambar

Unidentified

Pollen

A sweet gum palynomorph

Juglandaceae

Carya

Unidentified

Pollen

A hickory palynomorph

Juglandaceae

Pterocarya

Unidentified

Pollen

A hickory palynomorph

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium

Unidentified

Pollen

A lycopod palynomorph

Malvaceae

Tilia

Unidentified

Pollen

A linden palynomorph

Osmundaceae

Osmundasporites

Unidentified

Pollen

An osmundaceous fern palynomorph

Pinaceae

Abies

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A fir palynomorph

Pinaceae

Alisporites

Unidentified

Pollen

A pine family palynomorph

Pinaceae

Picea

Unidentified

Pollen

A Picea palynomorph

Pinaceae

Pinus

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A Pinus palynomorph

Pinaceae

Pityosporites

Unidentified

Pollen

A pine family palynomorph

Pinaceae

Pseudolarix

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A Pseudolarix palynomorph

Pinaceae

Tsuga

Unidentified

Pollen

A Tsuga palynomorph

Pinaceae

Cf. Larix

Unidentified

Pollen

A Laricoidae palynomorph, similar to larch

Pinaceae

Cf. Pseudotsuga

Unidentified

Pollen

A Laricoidae palynomorph, similar to pseudotsuga

Platanaceae

Platanus

Unidentified

Pollen

A Platanus palynomorph

Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton

Unidentified

Pollen

A Potamogeton palynomorph

Rosaceae

Unidentified

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

Rose famnily palynomorphs

Salicaceae

Salix

Unidentified

Pollen

A willow palynomorph

Salviniaceae

Azolla

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A duck weed palynomorph

Sapindaceae

Acer

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A maple palynomorph

Sapindaceae

Aesculus

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

A horse chestnut palynomorph

Sapotaceae

Unidentified

Unidentified

Pollen

A sapotaceous palynomorph

Taxaceae

Taxus

Unidentified

Pollen

A yew palynomorph

Ulmaceae

Ulmus

Unidentified

Pollen & macrofossils

An elm palynomorph

incertae sedis

Pistillipollenites

Pistillipollenites macgregorii

Pollen

A palynomorph of uncertain affinity, possibly a Gentianaceae or Euphorbiaceae species

Compression paleobiota

A group of six mosses were described from the Allenby Formation by Kuc (1972, 1974) representing the genera Ditrichites, Hypnites and Plagiopodopsis, with two species placed in the morphogenus Muscites. Dillhoff et al. (2013) identified twelve distinct gymnosperm taxa spanning the families Cupressaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Pinaceae. While being the minority component of the Thomas Ranch flora by total fossil numbers, angiosperms have a higher diversity, with 45 distinct morphotypes represented as foliage, reproductive structures, or both. Seventeen of the morphotypes are identifiable to genus or species, with members of the family Betulaceae being most prominent. At least common one leaf type is suggested to possibly represent an extinct plant order, but has not been described. Only two pteridophyte species have been described from the compression flora, Azolla primaeva by Penhallow (1890) and Equisetum similkamense by Dawson (1878).

The following fossil conifers, pteridophytes, ginkgophytes and bryophytes have been described from the Allenby Formation:

Bryophytes

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Amblystegiaceae

Hypnites

Hypnites jovet-astiae

(Kuc) Miller

An amblystegiaceous moss
First described as Palaeohypnum jovet-asti, moved to Hypnites jovet-astiae in 1980

Amblystegiaceae

Hypnites

Hypnites steerei

(Kuc) Miller

An amblystegiaceous moss
First described as Palaeohypnum steerei, moved to Hypnites steerei in 1980

Bartramiaceae

Plagiopodopsis

Plagiopodopsis eocenicus

(Kuc) Miller

A bartramiaceous moss
First described as Muscites eocenicus, moved to Plagiopodopsis eocenicus in 1980

?Ditrichaceae

Ditrichites

Ditrichites fylesi

Kuc

A Ditrichaceous moss

incertae sedis

Muscites

Muscites maycocki

Kuc

A moss of uncertain placement

incertae sedis

Muscites

Muscites ritchiei

Kuc

A moss of uncertain placement

Pteridophytes

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Equisetaceae

Equisetum

Equisetum similkamense

Dawson

A scouring rush

Salviniaceae

Azolla

Azolla primaeva

(Penhallow) Arnold

A mosquito fern
First described as Azollophyllum primaevum

Gingkophytes

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Ginkgoaceae

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba

Linnaeus

A ginkgo

Ginkgoaceae

Ginkgo

Ginkgo dissecta

Mustoe, 2002

A ginkgo with highly dissected leaves

Pinophytes

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Cupressaceae

Chamaecyparis

Chamaecyparis linguaefolia

(Lesquereux) MacGinitie

A false cypress

Cupressaceae

Metasequoia

Metasequoia occidentalis

(Newberry) Chaney

A dawn redwood

First identified as "Sequoia" brevifolia, "S." heeri. "S." langsdorfii (in part), "S." nordenskiöldi, & Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)

Cupressaceae

Sequoia

Sequoia affinis

Lesquereux

A redwood

Sequoia affinis

Cupressaceae

Taxodium

Taxodium dubium

(Sternberg) Heer

A bald cypress

First identified as "Sequoia" angustifolia,
"S." langsdorfii (in part), & Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)

Pinaceae

Abies

Abies milleri

Shorn & Wehr, 1986

Oldest true fir described

Abies milleri

Pinaceae

Picea

Undescribed

Miller

A spruce
Not described to species

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus latahensis

Berry

A 5-needle pine

Pinus latahensis

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus monticolensis

Berry

A pinaceous winged seed

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus trunculus

Dawson, 1890

A 3-needle pine

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus tulameenensis

Penhallow

A 5-needle pine

Pinaceae

Pseudolarix

Pseudolarix amabilis

(J.Nelson) Rehder

A golden larch

Originally identified as Pseudolarix americana, then as Pseudolarix arnoldii

Pinaceae

Pseudolarix

Pseudolarix wehrii

Gooch

A golden larch

Pseudolarix wehrii

Angiosperms

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Anacardiaceae

Rhus

Rhus malloryi

Wolfe & Wehr

A sumac

Rhus malloryi

Amaryllidaceae

Paleoallium

Paleoallium billgenseli

Pigg, Bryan, & DeVore

An onion relative

Paleoallium billgenseli

Araceae

Orontium

Orontium wolfei

Bogner, Johnson, Kvaček & Upchurch

A golden-club

Orontium wolfei

Betulaceae

Alnus

Alnus parvifolia

(Berry) Wolfe & Wehr

An Alder

Alnus parvifolia

Betulaceae

Betula

Betula leopoldae

Wolfe & Wehr

A birch

Betula leopoldae

Betulaceae

Palaeocarpinus

Palaeocarpinus stonebergae

Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr

A coryloid genus

Cercidiphyllaceae

Cercidiphyllum

Cercidiphyllum obtritum

(Dawson) Wolfe & Wehr

A katsura

Cercidiphyllum obtritum

Fagaceae

Fagopsis

Fagopsis undulata

(Knowlton) Wolfe & Wehr

A beech

Fagopsis undulata

Fagaceae

Fagus

Undescribed

A beech species
Not described to species

Grossulariaceae

Ribes

Undescribed

A gooseberry species
Not described

Hamamelidaceae

Fothergilla

Fothergilla malloryi

Radtke, Pigg & Wehr

A winter-hazel species

Fothergilla malloryi

Juglandaceae

Pterocarya

Undescribed

A wingnut
Not described to species

Lauraceae

Lindera

Undescribed

A laural species
Not described to species

Lauraceae

Sassafras

Sassafras hesperia

Berry

A laural species

Sassafras hesperia

Malvaceae

Florissantia

Undescribed

An extinct sterculioid flower
Not described to species

Myricaceae

Comptonia

Comptonia columbiana

Dawson

A sweet fern

Comptonia columbiana

Nyssaceae

Tsukada

Tsukada davidiifolia

Wolfe & Wehr

A dove-tree relative

Tsukada davidiifolia

Platanaceae

Macginicarpa

Undescribed

Manchester

A sycamore morphospecies

Platanaceae

Macginitiea

Macginitiea gracilis

(Lesquereux) Wolfe & Wehr

A sycamore

Macginitiea gracilis

Rosaceae

Amelanchier

Unidentified

A service berry
Not described

Rosaceae

Neviusia

Neviusia dunthornei

DeVore, Moore, Pigg, & Wehr

A snow wreath

Rosaceae

Stonebergia

Stonebergia columbiana

Wolfe & Wehr

A Sorbarieae genus

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer princetonense

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer rousei

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer stockeyae

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer stewarti

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer stonebergae

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer toradense

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer wehri

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Dipteronia

Dipteronia brownii

McClain and Manchester

A Dipteronia species

Dipteronia brownii

Trochodendraceae

Tetracentron

Tetracentron hopkinsii

Pigg et al.

A Tetracentron relative

Tetracentron hopkinsii

Trochodendraceae

Zizyphoides

Undescribed

A trochodendraceous species
Not described

Ulmus

Ulmus

Ulmus okanaganensis

Denk & Dillhoff

An elm

Ulmus okanaganensis

Urticaceae

Cf. Urticeae

Undescribed

A nettle not described to genus
First identified as Rubus

Incertae sedis

Chaneya

Chaneya tenuis

(Lesquereux) Wang & Manchester

A sapindalean flower of uncertain affiliations

Chaneya tenuis

Mollusks

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Hydrobiidae

Micropyrgus

Micropyrgus camselli

L.S. Russell, 1957

A hydrobiid mud snail

Lymnaeidae

Stagnicola

Stagnicola tulameenensis

L.S. Russell, 1957

A lymnaeine pond snail

Physidae

Aplexa

Aplexa ricei

L.S. Russell, 1957

An aplexine bladder snail

Physidae

Physa

Physa saxarubrensis

L.S. Russell, 1957

A physine bladder snail

Planorbidae

Ferrissia

Ferrissia arionoides

L.S. Russell, 1957

An ancylinine ramshorn snail

Planorbidae

Gyraulus?

Indeterminate

L.S. Russell, 1957

A possible planorbinine ramshorn snail
Not described to species

Sphaeriidae

Sphaerium?

Indeterminate

L.S. Russell, 1957

A possible sphaeriine fingernail clam
Not described to species

Insects

Coleopterans

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Cantharidae

Unidentified

Unidentified

A soldier beetle
not identified to genus or species

Carabidae?

Unidentified

Unidentified

A caraboid superfamily beetle
Displays traits similar to both Cicindelidae and Carabidae
not identified to genus or species

Chrysomelidae

Cryptocephalites

Cryptocephalites punctatus

Scudder, 1895

A leaf beetle

Cryptocephalites punctatus
(1895 illustration)

Chrysomelidae

Galerucella

Galerucella picea

Scudder, 1879

A leaf beetle

Galerucella picea
(1890 illustration)

Elateridae

Cryptohypnus?

Cryptohypnus? terrestris

Scudder, 1879

A click beetle

Cryptohypnus? terrestris
(1890 illustration)

Elateridae

Elaterites

Undescribed

Scudder, 1895

A click beetle
Not described to species

Elateridae sp. indet
(1890 illustration)

Elateridae

Limonius

Limonius impunctus

Scudder, 1895

A wireworm click beetle

Limonius impunctus (1895 illustration)

Tenebrionidae

Tenebrio

Tenebrio primigenius

Scudder, 1879

A darkling beetle

Tenebrio primigenius
(1890 illustration)

Trogidae

Trox

Trox oustaleti

Scudder, 1879

A hide beetle

Trox oustaleti
(1890 illustration)

Dipterans

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Bibionidae

Penthetria

Penthetria? fryi

Rice, 1959

A marchfly

Penthetria (?) fryi

Bibionidae

Penthetria

Penthetria whipsawensis

Rice, 1959

A marchfly

Penthetria whipsawensis

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia avus

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria avus (1910),
moved to Plecia avus (1959)

Plecia avus

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia canadensis

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria canadensis (1910),
moved to Plecia canadensis (1959)

Plecia canadensis

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia curtula

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria curtula (1910),
moved to Plecia curtula (1959)
Senior synonym of Penthetria avunculus (1959)

Plecia curtula

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia dilatata

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria dilatata (1910),
moved to Plecia dilatata (1959)

Plecia dilatata

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia elatior

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria elatior (1910),
moved to Plecia elatior (1959)

Plecia elatior

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia minutula

Rice, 1959

A marchfly

Plecia minutula

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia nana

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria nana (1910), moved to Plecia nana (1959)

Plecia nana

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia pictipennis

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria pictipennis (1910),
moved to Plecia pictipennis (1959)

Penthetria lambei (1910), Penthetria ovalis (1910), & Penthetria separanda (1910) considered junior synonyms (1959)

Plecia pictipennis

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia pulchra

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria pulchra (1910),
moved to Plecia pulchra (1959)

Plecia pulchra

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia pulla

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria pulla (1910),
moved to Plecia pulla (1959)
Penthetria brevipes (1910) considered a junior synonym (1959)

Plecia pulla

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia reducta

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria reducta (1910),
moved to Plecia reducta (1959)

Plecia reducta

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia similkameena

(Scudder, 1879)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria similkameena (1879),
moved to Plecia similkameena (1959)

Plecia similkameena

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia transitoria

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria transitoria (1910),
moved to Plecia transitoria (1959)
Penthetria falcatula (1910) & Penthetria fragmentum (1910) considered junior synonyms (1959)

Plecia transitoria

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia tulameenensis

Rice, 1959

A marchfly

Plecia tulameenensis

Dolichopodidae

Microphor

Microphor defunctus

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A long-legged fly
First described as Microphorus defunctus (1910),
moved to Microphor defunctus (1994)

Microphor defunctus
(1910 illustration)

Ptychopteridae

Etoptychoptera

Etoptychoptera tertiaria

Handlirsh, 1909

A phantom cranefly

Etoptychoptera tertiaria
(1910 illustration)

Tipulidae

Tipula

Tipula tulameena

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A cranefly

Tipula tulameena

Hemipterans

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Aphrophoridae

Aphrophora

Aphrophora angusta

Handlirsch, 1910

A spittlebug

Aphrophora angusta
(1910 illustration)

Aphrophoridae

Palaeoptysma

Palaeoptysma venosa

Scudder, 1895

A spittlebug

Palaeoptysma venosa
(1895 illustration)

Aphrophoridae

Palaphrodes

Undescribed

Scudder, 1895

A spittlebug
Not described to species

Aphrophoridae

Ptysmaphora

Ptysmaphora fletcheri

Scudder, 1895

A spittlebug

Ptysmaphora fletcheri
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Cercopis

Cercopis grandescens

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Cercopis grandescens
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Cercopis

Cercopis selwyni

Scudder, 1879

A froghopper

Cercopis selwyni
(1890 illustration)

Cercopidae

Cercopites

Cercopites torpescens

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Cercopites torpescens
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Dawsonites

Dawsonites veter

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Dawsonites veter
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Palecphora

Undescribed

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper
Not described to species

Cercopidae

Stenecphora

Stenecphora punctulata

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Stenecphora punctulata
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Stenolocris

Stenolocris venosa

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Stenolocris venosa
(1895 illustration)

Cicadellidae

Coelidia

Coelidia columbiana

Scudder, 1879

A leafhopper

Coelidia columbiana
(1890 illustration)

Fulgoridae

Enchophora

Undescribed

Scudder, 1895

A fulgorid plant hopper
Not described to species

Gerridae

Telmatrechus

Telmatrechus stali

(Scudder, 1879)

A gerrine water strider
First described as Hygrotrechus stali (1879),

moved to Telmatrechus stali (1895)

Telmatrechus stali
(1890 illustration)

incertae sedis

Planophlebia

Planophlebia gigantea

Scudder, 1879

A hemipteran of uncertain placement

Planophlebia gigantea
(1890 illustration)

Hymenopterans

Archibald, Mathewes, & Aase (2023) reported a Titanomyrma species ant queen from the Vermillion Bluffs site, and noted the range extension for Formiciinae into the highlands, as the subfamily was previously considered a strictly thermophilic ant group. Due to complications arising from preservational distortion during diagenesis, they were unable to determine the correct size of the queen in life. If the distortion was lateral, then compression to bilateral symmetry yielded an adult length of approximately 3.3 cm (1.3 in), placing it the same range as Formicium berryi and F. brodiei, known only from wings, and sugg4ested as possible males. Conversely stretching the fossil to bilateral symmetry results in a larger 5 cm (2.0 in) length estimate, placing it as comparable to queens of T. lubei and T. simillima.

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Braconidae

Bracon

Undescribed

A braconid wasp
Not described to species

Bracon sp.
(1890 illustration)

Formicidae

Titanomyrma

Indeterminate

A formiciine titan ant
Unplaced to species.

Titanomyrma sp.

Ichneumonidae

Xorides

Xorides lambei

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A xoridine ichneumon parasitic wasp
First named Xylonomus lambei (1910)

Xorides lambei

Tenthredinidae

Eriocampa

Eriocampa tulameenensis

Rice, 1968

A tenthredinid sawfly

Eriocampa tulameenensis

Mecopterans

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Dinopanorpidae

Dinokanaga

Dinokanaga wilsoni

Archibald, 2005

A dinopanorpid scorpion fly

Eomeropidae

Eomerope

Eomerope simpkinsae

Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2018

An eomeropid scorpionfly

Neuropterans

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Ithonidae

Ricaniella

Ricaniella antiquata

(Scudder, 1895)

A Polystoechotid-group giant lacewing
First described as Ricania antiquata (1895),
moved to Ricaniella antiquata (1897)

Ricaniella antiquata
(1895 illustration)

Odonata

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Aeshnidae

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

A daner dragonfly
Wing too incomplete to determine genus affiliation.

Cf.Dysagrionidae

Allenbya

Allenbya holmesae

Archibald & Cannings, 2022

A possible Dysagrionidae odonate.
Not to be confused with the Princeton Chert waterlily Allenbya

Raphidiopterans

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Raphidiidae

Megaraphidia

Megaraphidia hopkinsi

Archibald & Makarkin, 2021

A Raphidiid snakefly

Vertebrates

Family Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Amiidae

Cf. Amia

"Amia" hesperia

Wilson, 1982

A bowfin

"Amia" hesperia scale

Aves incertae sedis

Unidentified

Unidentified

Mayr et al., 2019

Indeterminate feathers and a skeleton

Catostomidae

Wilsonium

Wilsonium brevipinne.

(Cope, 1893)

A catostomid sucker
Originally described as Amyzon brevipinne
Moved to Wilsonium in 2021

Esthonychidae

Trogosus

Trogosus latidens

(Marsh, 1874)

A tillodont species

Hiodontidae

Hiodon

Hiodon rosei

(Hussakof, 1916)

A mooneye
First described as "Lucious" rosei (1916),
moved to Eohiodon rosei in 1966,
moved to Hiodon rosei in 2008

Libotoniidae

Libotonius

Libotonius blakeburnensis

Wilson, 1977

A percopsiform fish

Salmonidae

Eosalmo

Cf. Eosalmo driftwoodensis

Wilson, 1977

An ancestral salmon

Trionychidae

Cf. Apalone

Undescribed

A soft shelled turtle
Not described to species

Princeton Chert biota

The Princeton chert biota is unique in the Allenby formation due to the silicification of the chert, which has resulted in cellular and anatomical preservation of the organisms. As of 2016 over 30 different plant taxa had been described from chert fossils along with a number of fungal species.

Fungi

Order Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Ascomycota

Cryptodidymosphaerites

Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis

Currah, Stockey, LePage

An ascomycetan fungus on the host palm Uhlia allenbyensis

Ascomycota

Monodictysporites

Monodictysporites princetonensis

Klymiuk

An ascomycotan fungus
hosted on Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata

Ascomycota

Palaeoserenomyces

Palaeoserenomyces allenbyensis

Currah, Stockey, LePage

An ascomycetan fungus on the host palm Uhlia allenbyensis

Ferns

Family Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Athyriaceae

Dickwhitea

Dickwhitea allenbyensis

Karafit et al.

An athyriaceous fern

Athyriaceae

Makotopteris

Makotopteris princetonensis

Stockey, Nishida, & Rothwell

An athyriaceous fern

Blechnaceae

Trawetsia

Trawetsia princetonensis

Smith et al.

A blechnacious fern

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtiopsis

Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata

Cevallos-Ferriz, Stockey, & Pigg

A dennstaedtioid fern

Osmundaceae

Osmunda

Undescribed

An osmundaceous fern
Not described

Conifers

Family Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Cupressaceae

Metasequoia

Metasequoia milleri

Bassinger

A dawn redwood

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus allisonii

Stockey

A 2-needled Pine foliage

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus andersonii

Stockey

A 3-needled Pine foliage

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus arnoldii

Miller

A basal Pine
Cones belonging to the 5 needle Pinus similkameenensis foliage

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus princetonensis

Stockey

A pinaceous cone

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus similkameenensis

Miller

A basal Pine
5-needled foliage belonging to the Pinus arnoldii cones

Angiosperms

Family Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Alismataceae

Heleophyton

Heleophyton helobieoides

Erwin & Stockey

An aquatic or emergent water-plantain

Aponogetonaceae

Aponogeton

Aponogeton longispinosum

Grímsson, Zetter, & Halbritter

A Cape-pondweed pollen

Araceae

Keratosperma

Keratosperma allenbyensis

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

An arum family member

Arecaceae

Uhlia

Uhlia allenbyensis

Erwin & Stockey

A Coryphoid palm

Grossulariaceae

Ribes

Undescribed

Cevallos-Ferriz

A current fruit
Not described

Lythraceae

Decodon

Decodon allenbyensis

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A swamp loosestrife

Magnoliaceae

Liriodendroxylon

Liriodendroxylon princetonensis

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A Liriodendron-like wood.

Myrtaceae

Paleomyrtinaea

Paleomyrtinaea princetonensis

Pigg, Stockey & Maxwell

A Myrtaceous fruit

Nymphaeaceae

Allenbya

Allenbya collinsonae

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A water lily relative

Nyssaceae

Diplopanax

Diplopanax eydei

Stockey, LePage, & Pigg

A tuplo relative.

Rosaceae

Paleorosa

Paleorosa similkameenensis

Bassinger

A rose family flower

Rosaceae

Prunus

Prunus allenbyensis

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A prunoid wood.

Rosaceae

Prunus

"Species 1"

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A prunoid seed.
Not described

Rosaceae

Prunus

"Species 2"

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A prunoid seed.
Not described

Rosaceae

Prunus

"Species 3"

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A prunoid seed.
Not described

Sapindaceae

Wehrwolfea

Wehrwolfea striata

Erwin & Stockey

A possible dodonaecous soapberry family flower

Saururaceae

Saururus

Saururus tuckerae

Smith & Stockey

A lizard's-tail species

Vitaceae

Ampelocissus

"Ampelocissus" similkameenensis

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement

Vitaceae

incertae sedis

"Type 1"

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement
Not described

Vitaceae

incertae sedis

"Type 2"

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement
Not described

Cf. Iridaceae

Pararisteapollis

Pararisteapollis stockeyi

Zetter & Hesse

A possible iridaceous pollen morphotype

Incertae sedis

Eorhiza

Eorhiza arnoldii

Robison & Person

A semi-aquatic dicot of uncertain affinity.

Incertae sedis

Ethela

Ethela sargentiana

Erwin & Stockey

A cyperaceous or juncaceous monocot

Incertae sedis

Princetonia

Princetonia allenbyensis

Stockey

A possibly aquatic magnoliopsid flower of uncertain affiliation.

Incertae sedis

Soleredera

Soleredera rhizomorpha

Erwin & Stockey

A lilialean genus of uncertain placement

References

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