The Diocese of Fairbanks (Latin: Dioecesis de Fairbanks) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in the northern part of the state of Alaska in the United States. It was formerly named the Prefecture Apostolic of Alaska (1894–1917), the Vicariate Apostolic of Alaska (1917–1951), and the Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Alaska (1951–1962).

The Diocese of Fairbanks is led by a bishop who serves as pastor of the mother church, Sacred Heart Cathedral in the City of Fairbanks. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau. His Excellency Steven Maekawa, O.P. is the current Bishop of Fairbanks.

As of 2023, the Diocese of Fairbanks had 46 parishes and missions, with 14 priests, to serve 11,876 Catholics, in an area of 409,849 square miles (1,061,500 km). It is geographically the largest diocese in the United States.

When the United States purchased Alaska in 1867 from the Empire of Russia, it was under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Vancouver Island in Canada. Bishop Charles Seghers of that diocese made several missionary trips to Alaska during the early 1870s. He later sent Reverend John Althoff, a Dutch priest, to create missions in Wrangell, Alaska, the Cassiar mining district on the Stikine River, and the former Russian capital of Sitka, Alaska. Althoff established the first permanent Catholic presence in Alaska when he founded Saint Rose of Lima Parish in Wrangell on May 3, 1879. After the discovery of gold near Juneau, Alaska, Althoff moved there. He celebrated the first mass and baptism in Juneau in an interdenominational "Log Cabin Church" on July 17. 1882.

In May 1886, Seghers was murdered by a traveling companion near Nulato, Alaska, while on a missionary trip. After learning of Segher's death, Reverend Pascal Tosi of the Society of Jesus unilaterally took control of the Alaska missions. Later that summer in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the Jesuit superior of the Rocky Mountain Mission, Joseph M. Cataldo, appointed Tosi as superior of the Alaska mission.

On July 27, 1894, Pope Leo XIII erected the Prefecture Apostolic of Alaska. He transferred all of Alaska from the Canadian Dioceses of Vancouver Island and New Westminster and appointed Tosi as the prefect apostolic. Due to poor health, Tosi was forced to resign in 1897; Leo XIII replaced him with Reverend Jean-Baptiste René from the Society of Jesus.

When Rene resigned in 1904, Pope Pius X named Joseph Crimont of the Society of Jesus as what would be the last prefect apostolic.

The first church in the Alaskan interior was Immaculate Conception Church in 1904, built two years after the establishment of Fairbanks as a trading post. Father Francis Monroe raised $3,000 from gold miners to build the structure. In 1906, Monroe conducted fundraising again to construct Saint Joseph's Hospital, the first hospital in Fairbanks. The Sisters of Providence from Montreal, Quebec, came to operate Saint Joseph's in 1910.

On December 22, 1916, Pope Benedict XV elevated the Prefecture Apostolic of Alaska to the Vicariate Apostolic of Alaska. He appointed Crimont as its first vicar apostolic on February 15, 1917, and made him a bishop. In 1948, Pope Pius XII appointed Reverend Francis Gleeson of the Society of Jesus to lead the vicariate.

On June 23, 1951, Pope Pius XII erected the Diocese of Juneau. He dissolved the existing vicariate and moved all of southern Alaska into the new diocese. The remainder of the state became the new Vicariate of Northern Alaska, with its episcopal see in Fairbanks. Pius XII appointed Gleeson as bishop of the new vicariate.

In 1962, Pope John XXIII suppressed the Vicariate of Northern Alaska and replaced it with the new Diocese of Fairbanks, with Gleeson as its first bishop. In 1966, Pope Paul VI erected the Archdiocese of Anchorage and assigned the Diocese of Fairbanks to it as a suffragan. To assist Gleeson, Paul VI in 1967, named Reverend Robert Whelan of the Society of Jesus as coadjutor bishop of the diocese.

After Gleeson retired in 1968, Whelan automatically succeeded him as bishop. Whalen made numerous trips by bush plane, boat and snowmobile to remote Native American and Native Alaskan villages throughout the diocese. He established the Native Diaconate Program, ordaining 28 Native Alaskan men to the permanent diaconate. Pope John Paul II named Reverend Michael Kaniecki of the Society of Jesus as coadjutor bishop in 1984. Whelan's resignation as bishop of Fairbanks was accepted by the pope in 1985. Kaniecki automatically succeeded him at that time.

Kaniecki died suddenly in 2000. In 2002, John Paul II appointed Reverend Donald Kettler of the Diocese of Sioux Falls as the first non-Jesuit bishop of Fairbanks. Pope Benedict XVI appointed Kettler as bishop of the Diocese of St. Cloud in 2013 and replaced him in Alaska with Reverend Chad Zielinski from the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA.

In 2019, the Vatican removed the Diocese of Fairbanks from its list of missionary dioceses, transferring control of the diocese from the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples to the Congregation for Bishops. Zielinski said that he hoped the move would help the shortage of priests in the diocese. At the time of that announcement, the diocese had only 17 priests to staff 46 parishes and missions.

On September 17, 2020, Pope Francis suppressed the Diocese of Anchorage and the Diocese of Juneau and erected the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau. He designated the Diocese of Fairbanks as the only suffragan of the new archdiocese. Francis appointed Zielinksi in 2022 as bishop of the Diocese of New Ulm. In 2023, Francis appointed Reverend Steven Maekawa, O.P., a Dominican priest of the province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus, as the sixth bishop of Fairbanks. Maekawa was previously the pastor of the Holy Name Old Cathedral in Anchorage.

1. Pascal Tosi (1894–1897)
2. Jean-Baptiste René (1897–1904)
3. Joseph Raphael John Crimont (1904–1917), appointed Vicar Apostolic of Alaska

1. Joseph Raphael John Crimont (1917–1945)
2. Walter James Fitzgerald (1945–1947)
3. Francis Doyle Gleeson (1948–1951), title changed with change of title of vicariate apostolic

• Francis Doyle Gleeson (1951-1962); Appointed first Bishop of Fairbanks

1. Francis Doyle Gleeson (1962–1968)
   - George Theodore Boileau (Coadjutor Bishop 1964–1965), died before succession
2. Robert Louis Whelan (1968–1985)
3. Michael Joseph Kaniecki (1985–2000)
4. Donald Joseph Kettler (2002–2013), appointed Bishop of Saint Cloud
5. Chad William Zielinski (2014–2022), appointed Bishop of New Ulm
6. Steven Maekawa, O.P. (2023–present)

Robert Dermot O'Flanagan, appointed Bishop of Juneau in 1951

• Immaculate Conception Elementary, Fairbanks
• Monroe Catholic High School, Fairbanks

• Hospital ministry - Catholic services to patients in local hospitals and nursing homes
• Stephen ministry - interdenominational companions for people in grief, illness, loss, family breakdown, etc.

• The Alaskan Shepherd, a diocesan newsletter
• KNOM radio. Established in 1971, KNOM is the oldest Catholic radio station in the country.
• KQHE radio. Established in 2012.

In 1969, Bishop Whelan granted the request for Joseph Lundowski, a lay volunteer, to officially distribute communion at St. Michael's Parish in a remote Alaskan village. Lundowski was neither a priest or a deacon. In 1964, Monsignor John E. Gurr, the vicar general had received a letter from a priest who complained that Lundowski was sexually abusing boys in his parish. Gurr took no action. After a local resident spotting Lundowski molesting a young boy, he exposed the scandal in the village. The local priest, himself accused later of child molestation, immediately flew Lundowski out of the village.

In a 2004 lawsuit, Bishop Gleeson was accused of shielding Lundowski from sexual abuse prosecution. Thirty-three men from villages such as Stebbins, St. Michael and Hooper Bay, accused Lundowski of multiple attacks. The suit said that Gleeson was aware of Lundowski's crimes, transferring him from one place to another.

In February 2008, the diocese announced plans to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It claimed an inability to pay settlements to the 140 plaintiffs who had filed claims for sexual abuse by priests or church workers. The Society of Jesus, Oregon Province, was named as a co-defendant in the case, and settled for $50 million. The diocese, which reported an operating budget then of approximately $6 million, claimed that one of the diocese's insurance carriers failed to "participate meaningfully". When the diocese filed for bankruptcy in 2012, it acknowledged that reports of abuse spanned "over the last six decades." Over time, the diocese's list of "credibly accused" clergy grew as well.

• Ecclesiastical Province of Anchorage
• Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
• List of Roman Catholic archdioceses (by country and continent)
• List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) (including archdioceses)
• List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view) (including archdioceses)

• Roman Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks Official Site Archived 2022-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
• Official site of the Holy See

64°50′04″N 147°47′09″W / 64.83444°N 147.78583°W / 64.83444; -147.78583