Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.

Definition

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media. These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility. While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC. The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait. PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election. Except for the 2016 Philippine elections, prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree. Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views. Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.

Lists

Campaigns by individuals

American News LLC

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
American News	americannews.com		Published a false story claiming actor Denzel Washington endorsed Donald Trump for president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election.
Conservative 101	conservative101.com		Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway.
Democratic Review	DemocraticReview.com		Owned by American Review LLC of Miami, the same company that owns American News (americannews.com), Conservative 101 and Liberal Society.
Liberal Society	LiberalSociety.com		Published a fake direct quote attributed to Obama, Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway.

Jestin Coler

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Conservative Frontline	conservativefrontline.com
Denver Guardian	denverguardian.com
DrudgeReport.com.co	DrudgeReport.com.co		Mimics the name of the Drudge Report.
United Media Publishing	unitedmediapublishing.com
usatoday.com.co	usatoday.com.co	Defunct	Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns
washingtonpost.com.co	washingtonpost.com.co		Originally registered by Jestin Coler. The Washington Post submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with GoDaddy under the UDRP, and in 2015, an arbitral panel ruled that Coler's registration of the domain name was a form of bad-faith cybersquatting (specifically, typosquatting), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue."

Paul Horner

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
ABCnews.com.co	ABCnews.com.co	Defunct	Owned by Paul Horner. Mimics the URL, design and logo of ABC News (owned by Disney–ABC Television Group).
CBSnews.com.co	CBSnews.com.co		Mimics the URL, design and logo of CBS News.
christianfreedommovement.com	christianfreedommovement.com
cnn.com.de	cnn.com.de		Impostor site of CNN.
isissingles.com	isissingles.com
iywib.com	iywib.com
keepdonaldtrump.com	keepdonaldtrump.com
makeredhatswearableagain.com	makeredhatswearableagain.com
mericaland.com	mericaland.com
microsoftsite.com	microsoftsite.com
nationalgeographic.com.co	nationalgeographic.com.co		Spoof of National Geographic.
nationalreview.biz	nationalreview.biz		Spoof of National Review.
NBC.com.co	NBC.com.co		Imitates NBC.
NBCNews.com.co	NBCNews.com.co	Defunct	Mimics the URL, design and logo of NBC News.
News Examiner	newsexaminer.net		Started in 2015 by Paul Horner, the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news.
paulhorner.org	paulhorner.org
snopes.com.co	snopes.com.co		Imposter site of Snopes.
St George Gazette	stgeorgegazette.com
superofficialnews.com	superofficialnews.com
thephoenixnewtimes.com	thephoenixnewtimes.com
trumptized.com	trumptized.com

WTOE 5 News

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
16WMPO	16WMPO.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
AlexJones.xyz	AlexJones.xyz		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
alynews.com	alynews.com		Part of a network that posted a false story that there was a sequel to the movie Step Brothers in the works in 2016. Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
channel16news.com	channel16news.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
channel17news.com	channel17news.com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Channel 18 News	Channel18News.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
clancyreport.com	clancyreport.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Daily News 10	DailyNews10.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Daily News 11	dailynews11.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Daily News 5	DailyNews5.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
FoxBusiness.xyz	FoxBusiness.xyz		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Headline Brief	headlinebrief.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
km8news.com	km8news.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
KMT 11 News	kmt11.com	Defunct	Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns. Before the website went down, it referred to itself as a "fantasy news website". Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
knp7.com	knp7.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
kspm33.com	kspm33.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
KUPR7	kupr7.com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
ky6news.com	ky6news.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
KY12News.com	KY12News.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
KYPO6	kypo6.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Local 31 News	Local31News.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
localnews33.com	localnews33.com		Part of the same network as alynews.com
lopezreport.com	lopezreport.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
maywoodpost.com	maywoodpost.com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
mbynews.com	mbynews.com		Part of the same network as alynews.com
McKenzie Post	mckenziepost.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
NewsDaily12.com	NewsDaily12.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
newsdaily27.com	newsdaily27.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
News Now 11	newsnow11.com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
The North Devon Journal	northdevonjournal.co.uk		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
oreillypost.com	oreillypost.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
WBN 12 News	wbn12.com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
wcpm3.com	wcpm3.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
wleb21.com	wleb21.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
WRPT 16 News	wrpt16.com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
WTOE 5 News	wtoe5news.com		Original source of false claim that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump in 2016.

Your News Wire

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Neon Nettle	neonnettle.com		Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact. Stated by Snopes to be "interrelated" with NewsPunch and Your News Wire.
Newspunch	Newspunch.com		Alternative name for YourNewsWire.
The People's Voice (formerly NewsPunch and Your News Wire)	thepeoplesvoice.tv		Founded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to NewsPunch in 2018 and The People's Voice in 2023.
Your News Wire	yournewswire.com		Former name for The People's Voice.

Others

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
ABCNews1.us	ABCNews1.us		Same owner as AJUAnews.
African News Updates	africannewupsdate.com		Same owner as News Updates South Africa. Published a false story about election fraud during the 2016 municipal elections in South Africa, which led to the Electoral Commission of South Africa filing a criminal complaint against the site owner.
AJUAnews	AJUAnews.com		Plagiarized content from The Last Line of Defense. Reportedly owned by individual based in Pakistan.
ALNewsNetwork.press	ALNewsNetwork.press		Same owner as AJUAnews.
America Talks	Americatalks.com		Per FactCheck.org.
America's Freedom Fighters	Americasfreedomfighters.com		Per FactCheck.org.
Banned Information	BannedInformation.com		Per FactCheck.org.
Conservative Beaver	conservativebeaver.com		Published false anti-vaccination claims related to Pfizer, leading to Pfizer filing a petition to compel the site host to reveal the site owner's identity.
Dos Palos News	dospalosnews.com		Same owner as AJUAnews.
FB News Cycle	Fbnewscycle.com		Per FactCheck.org. Same owner as Banned Information.
HealthFacts.pro	HealthFacts.pro		Same owner as AJUAnews.
Hot Global News	hotglobalnews.com
ILoveQuilting.pro	ILoveQuilting.pro		Same owner as AJUAnews.
Leading Report	theleadingreport.com		A website and Twitter account that promotes misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and United States politics.
National News Bulletin	nationalnewsbulletin.com		Same Google Analytics ID as News Updates South Africa.
The National Sun	thenationalsun.com		Same owners as Hot Global News.
net-breaking.com	net-breaking.com		Affiliated with Leading Report.
News@Last	newsatlast.com		Fake news website in South Africa, per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory. Same owner as News Updates South Africa.
News Updates South Africa	newsupdatessa.site		Per Africa Check and News24.
Ohio Press Pro	ohiopress.pro		Same owner as AJUAnews.
thepedogate.com	thepedogate.com		Part of same network as America Talks. Spread the false Pizzagate conspiracy theory.
The Red Panther	theredpanther.com		Former name of Toronto Today.
Right Wing Tribune	Rightwingtribune.com		Per FactCheck.org. Same owners as America's Freedom Fighters.
Toronto99.com	Toronto99.com		Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver.
Toronto Today	torontotoday.net		Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver.
Vancouver Times	vancouvertimes.org		Likely shares the same site owner as the Conservative Beaver and Toronto Today.

Disinformation campaigns

Corporate disinformation campaigns

Examples of disinformation campaigns from companies include Eliminalia, a reputation management firm that created a network of over 600 websites for its clients, and Regency Enterprises, which created sites to promote the movie A Cure for Wellness.

Political disinformation campaigns

Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil, India, Iran, Italy, the People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Russia, Ukraine (Luhansk), and the United States.

Fraudulent fact-checking websites

According to the Poynter Institute, there are four categories of false fact-checking websites:

1. Sites that are satirical in nature
2. Sites that attempt to subvert serious fact-checking sites
3. Sites that re-appropriate the term "fact-check" for partisan political causes
4. Sites with more violent intentions, such as genocide denial.

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
AosFatos.com	AosFatos.com		Spoof of Brazilian fact-checking organization Aos Fatos.
Business2Community	business2community.com		Plagiarized fact-checks from Lead Stories.
The California Republican	carepublican.com		Run by Devin Nunes' political campaign.
Descobrindo As Verdades	descobrindoasverdades.blogspot.com		Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
Duboka Voda	dubokavoda.com		Partisan false fact-checking site in Croatia, per the Poynter Institute.
Fact Check Armenia	factcheckarmenia.com		A website with ties to Turkish government-related organizations that denies the historical facts of the Armenian genocide.
Fact-Checking Turkey	factcheckingturkey.com		Operated by PR company Bosphorus Global and counters criticism of Turkey in foreign media. It treats statements by Turkish government officials as arbiters of the truth.
Faktiskt.eu	Faktiskt.eu		Spoof of Swedish fact-checking organization Faktiskt.
India News Network	indianewsnetwork.com		Same owner as India Vs Disinformation.
India Vs Disinformation	indiavsdisinformation.com		Owned by "a Canadian communications firm called Press Monitor"
Jigyasa Online	jigyasaonline.org		Same owner as India Vs Disinformation.
Middle East Guardians	meguardians.com		Published false fact-check about Jamal Khashoggi.
Notícias Brasil Online	noticiasbrasilonline.com.br		Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
O Detetive	odetetive.com		Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. The website owner was summoned by a regional court in Brazil for publishing a false story about the 2018 attack on Jair Bolsonaro.
OpIndia	opindia.com		OpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020.
Pensa Brasil	pensabrasil.com		Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
Plantão Brasil	plantaobrasil.net		Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
Shayeaat	shayeaat.ir		Partisan false fact-checking site in Iran, per the Poynter Institute.
Vøx	voxnews.info		Partisan false fact-checking site in Italy, per the Poynter Institute. Not to be confused with Vox, the American news site.
War on Fakes	waronfakes.com		A Russian website that promotes Russian propaganda and disinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Generative AI

As of July 2024, NewsGuard has tracked at least 976 news/information websites automatically generated by machine learning models that span 16 languages.

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
AlaskaCommons.com	AlaskaCommons.com
BestBudgetUSA.com	BestBudgetUSA.com
Biz Breaking News	bizbreakingnews.com		Summarizes The Financial Times and Fortune.
BNN Breaking	bnnbreaking.com
	bnn.network
Boluno.com	Boluno.com
bosase.com	bosase.com
Buckeye State Press	buckeyestatepress.com		Created by a journalist to demonstrate the ease of building generative AI-based political news sites.
Celeb Jihad	celebjihad.com		Described by the Daily Beast as a "satirical celebrity gossip website", the site has spread real and fake nude images of celebrities using Photoshop and Generative AI.
celebritiesdeaths.com	celebritiesdeaths.com
CountyLocalNews.com	CountyLocalNews.com
Daily Business Post
DailyHeadliner.com	DailyHeadliner.com
Daily Time Update
Esspots	esspots.com		Part of the same network as SpaceXMania.
Famadillo.com	Famadillo.com
FilthyLucre.com	FilthyLucre.com
FoodingWorld.com	FoodingWorld.com
Getintoknowledge.com	Getintoknowledge.com
globalvillagespace.com	globalvillagespace.com
GlobeEcho.com	GlobeEcho.com
HistoryFact.in	HistoryFact.in
iBusiness Day
IheartDogs.com	IheartDogs.com
InternationalNewsandViews.com	InternationalNewsandViews.com
Ireland Top News	irelandtopnews.com
L'Observatoire de l'Europe	observatoiredeleurope.com		Accused of automatically plagiarizing stories from Euronews.
LiverPoolDigest.co.uk	LiverPoolDigest.co.uk
Lunumi.com	Lunumi.com
Medical Outline	medicaloutline.com
Michigan Sports Zone	michigansportszone.com
NewsGPT	newsgpt.ai
News Live 79
News Today	sagenews.site		Part of the same network as SpaceXMania.
News You Can't Use	newsyoucantuse.com
NewYorkFolk.com	NewYorkFolk.com
NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br	NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br
NotRealNews.net	NotRealNews.net
Roadan.com	Roadan.com
SpaceXMania	spacexmania.com		Accused by Christopher Blair, the owner of The Last Line of Defense, of plagiarizing its stories via a generative AI model. The New York Times also found that many stories from SpaceXMania were produced by generative AI.
Scoop Earth	ScoopEarth.com
setolu.com	setolu.com
Time.news	Time.news
TnewsNetwork.com	TnewsNetwork.com
TopGolf.kr	TopGolf.kr
topnews67.com	topnews67.com		Accused of plagiarizing story from The Last Line of Defense, possibly via ChatGPT.
TopStories.com.ng	TopStories.com.ng
TrendFool.com	TrendFool.com
vatolu.com	vatolu.com
Walli.us	Walli.us
WaveFunction.info	WaveFunction.info
WestObserver.com	WestObserver.com		Imitates CNN.
WhatsNew2Day.com	WhatsNew2Day.com
World-Today-News.com	World-Today-News.com
Worldtimetodays.com	worldtimetodays.com		Accused of plagiarizing stories from Distractify and Heavy.com.

Hate groups

The following table lists websites that have been both considered by fact-checkers as distributing false news and are run by organizations that have been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups.

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
banned.video	banned.video		Sister site of InfoWars. Warned by the US Food and Drug Administration for spreading misinformation on COVID-19 for "claims on videos posted on your websites that establish the intended use of your products and misleadingly represent them as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19."
Bare Naked Islam	barenakedislam.com
Brighteon	Brighteon.com		Sister site of Natural News.
The Daily Stormer	DailyStormer.com		Per PolitiFact.
Geller Report	Gellerreport.com		Registered through Pamela Geller's organization, the American Freedom Defense Initiative.
HoggWatch	hoggwatch.com		Setup by Natural News founders to publish attacks against Parkland high school shooting survivors.
InfoWars	infowars.com		Managed by Alex Jones. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a hoax, that the Boston Marathon bombing was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant.
National File	nationalfile.com		Sister site of InfoWars. It has promoted misinformation about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines. Leaked texts from Alex Jones's phone indicated that he started National File to promote InfoWars content while obscuring its origin to evade an InfoWars ban on Facebook.
Natural News	naturalnews.com		Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various dietary supplements, promotion of alternative medicine, controversial nutrition and health claims, and various conspiracy theories, such as "chemtrails", chemophobic claims (including the purported dangers of fluoride in drinking water, anti-perspirants, laundry detergent, monosodium glutamate, aspartame), and purported health problems caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the now-discredited link to autism.
NewsTarget	newstarget.com		Sister site of Natural News.
Next News Network	nextnewsnetwork.com		Combined content from mainstream sites such as the Associated Press with content from sites such as RT and Sputnik.
PrisonPlanet	prisonplanet.com		Sister site of InfoWars.
Red Ice	RedIce.tv
Return of Kings	returnofkings.com
TruNews	trunews.com
WorldNetDaily	wnd.com		A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Barack Obama was not born in the United States.

Pseudoscience and junk science

The following is a list of websites that have been characterized by journalists and researchers as promoting pseudoscience or junk science.

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
ancient-code.com	ancient-code.com
Children's Health Defense	childrenshealthdefense.org		Accused by NBC of "[misinterpreting] research to stoke fears that vaccines might be dangerous for children and pregnant women". Filed a lawsuit in 2020 against Facebook, PolitiFact, Science Feedback, and the Poynter Institute over advertisements and fact-checked claims. Produced an anti-vaccine film that was marketed towards Black Americans. One of its participants, a medical history professor, felt that she had been "used" as part of "an advocacy piece for anti-vaxxers." Cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. Banned by Facebook and Instagram in 2022 for repeatedly spreading medical misinformation.
Collective Evolution	collective-evolution.com		Spread misinformation about vaccines and COVID-19, and shared conspiracy theories about Mark Zuckerberg and airport body scanners.
collectivelyconscious.net	collectivelyconscious.net
dineal.com	dineal.com
EWAO (Earth. We Are One)	ewao.com		Published false claim that images of a mountain formation in Antartica is evidence of an ancient civilization.
Feature Remedies	featureremedies.com		Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy.
Food Babe	foodbabe.com		Promoted anti-vaccine misinformation. Criticized for promoting chemophobia and "misinformation and fear-mongering about food ingredients." NPR notes that a revenue stream is based on affiliate marketing partnerships with organic and non-GMO food brands. Alleged collusion between Monsanto and the Food and Drug Administration over cancelling a program to monitor glyphosate in food, which Snopes has deemed as false.
Galactic Connection	galacticconnection.com		Published an article claiming the existence of aliens was disclosed by Russia after a joke made by then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.
Geoengineering Watch	geoengineeringwatch.org		Published video claiming the existence of solar geoengineering and chemtrails, which Climate Feedback deemed as incorrect. The site owner filed a lawsuit against one of the scientist reviewers, claiming that the fact-check limited the video's reach on social media. The lawsuit was dismissed, with plans to appeal as of September 2022.
Goop	goop.com		Accused in 2020 by Truth in Advertising of violating a court settlement to stop spreading false medical claims about Goop products. Criticized by Simon Stevens, the then-Chief Executive of NHS England, for promoting products and procedures that he described as monetarily wasteful or "carrying considerable risks to health". Sells many of the same wellness products as Infowars.
GreenMedInfo	greenmedinfo.com		Founded by Sayer Ji, who has been cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread false claims about COVID-19 vaccines. Includes a search engine that McGill University describes as "biased toward scientific papers that claim natural food and alternative medicine can prevent and heal diseases." Claims without evidence that marijuana is a cure for cancer.
Health Holistic Living	healthyholisticliving.com		Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy, that manuka honey is more effective than antibiotics, and that repeatedly boiling water is harmful. Cites peer-reviewed research to draw conclusions not supported by the works in question, such as citing four studies to claim that magnesium is an effective treatment for ADHD.
	healthy-holistic-living.com
Health Impact News	healthimpactnews.com		Falsely linked deaths to flu vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, and spread unproven cures for COVID-19.
Health Nut News	healthnutnews.com		Founded by Erin Elizabeth, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread conspiracy theories falsely alleging that the deaths of doctors or alternative health practitioners were connected.
In5D	in5d.com
The Institute for Creation Research	icr.org
Institute for Responsible Technology	responsibletechnology.org		Founded by Jeffrey M. Smith.
Medical Kidnap	medicalkidnap.com		Spread false or unproven claims about cases involving Child protective services. Falsely framed COVID-19 vaccines as "experimental". Part of the same network as Vaccine Impact and Health Impact News.
Mercola.com	mercola.com		Founded by Joseph Mercola, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation.
Natural Blaze	naturalblaze.com
RealFarmacy	realfarmacy.com		Noted by the Wall Street Journal to promote homeopathy. Spread false claims about COVID-19 origins and unproven treatments. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and has been noted by NewsGuard to have "promoted ineffective and potentially dangerous cancer treatments."
Riposte laique	ripostelaique.com		Spread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Science Vibe	sciencevibe.com		Reposted satirical story from World News Daily Report and framed it as genuine news. Reposted hoax on assassination of Marilyn Monroe.
Stop Mandatory Vaccination	stopmandatoryvaccination.com		The founder has been described by NBC News as "a man without medical training who has made a name as a leader of the online anti-vaccination movement." Censured by the Advertising Standards Authority in 2018 for distributing a Facebook ad targeted towards parents with misleading claims about vaccines. Accused by the Guardian of "[using] Facebook’s advertising tools to target their propaganda exclusively at women." Publishes "accounts from parents who claim that a baby's death was the result of a vaccination. Many of those viral articles have been debunked with official, medically supported explanations that include sudden infant death syndrome, pneumonia and accidental asphyxiation." Misinformation from the group has resulted in at least one death: a child whose mother was urged by other group members not to give her son Tamiflu after he had a bout of the flu. Accounts associated with the site and its founder have been suspended from Facebook and Twitter in 2020 for promoting QAnon conspiracy theories. The founder’s YouTube channel was demonetized in 2019 due to "[promoting] anti-vaccination content". Ads to the site were also removed by Facebook in 2019 for violating Facebook’s policies on misinformation about vaccines. The founder’s Twitter account was reinstated in 2023.
Technocracy News	technocracy.news		Spread misinformation about face masks with respect to COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccinations. Falsely claimed that carbon dioxide is not a greenhouse gas. The site owner edits a health newsletter for Newsmax.
The Truth About Cancer	thetruthaboutcancer.com		According to NewsGuard, "repeatedly promotes ineffective, unproven, and dangerous treatments for cancer".
TruthKings	truthkings.com		Posted false allegations of fraud in the 2008 US presidential election. Spread false information about vaccines. Reportedly owned by Sherri Tenpenny.
Vaccine Impact	vaccineimpact.com		Part of the same network as Medical Kidnap and Health Impact News.
The Waking Times	wakingtimes.com		Accused by the Global Disinformation Index of spreading disinformation on COVID-19 public policies.

Climate change denial

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Chicks On The Right	chicksonright.com		Spread false claim about an upcoming "mini ice age".
	chicksontheright.com
Climate Intelligence Foundation (CLINTEL)	clintel.org
NoTricksZone	notrickszone.com
Klimaat Feiten	klimaatfeiten.nl
Climate Gate	climategate.nl
Energy Talking Points	energytalkingpoints.com
Clima et Verité	climatetverite.net
Climato-Réalistes	climato-realistes.fr
Global Warming Scare	globalwarmingscare.wordpress.com
Climate Fraud	klima-schwindel.com
Climate Skeptical	climat-sceptique.over-blog.com
Climate Depot	climatedepot.com
Climate Exit (CLEXIT)	clexit.net
Climate Resistance	climate-resistance.org
CO2 Coalition	co2coalition.org
The Daily Sceptic	dailysceptic.org		Publishes anti-vaccine and climate change denial misinformation.
The Daily Wire	dailywire.com		Published multiple false claims that were debunked by Snopes. Per the Daily Beast, Mike Adams would repeatedly post to the site "to attack and mock... students, staff, and faculty" at University of North Carolina Wilmington. Identified by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as a major distributor of climate change denialism. In 2022, the Global Disinformation Index described the Daily Wire as having a high risk of disinformation due to "bias", "sensational language" and "a high degree of sensational visuals". Alongside Ken Paxton and The Federalist, filed a lawsuit in 2023 against the United States Department of State, partially as a result of this assessment by the GDI, alleging censorship of right-wing media and revenue loss.
De Groene Rekenkamer	groene-rekenkamer.nl
Destaatvanhet Klimaat	destaatvanhet-klimaat.nl
Ecologia, Clima, Aquecimento	ecologia-clima-aquecimento.blogspot.com
Climate Curious	shortfall.blog
Climate Etc	judithcurry.com
Environmental Progress	environmentalprogress.org
European Climate Realist Network	ecr.network
Everything Climate	everythingclimate.com
Klimaat Gek	klimaatgek.nl
Klima Realisme	klimarealisme.dk
Klima Realistene	klimarealistene.com
Klimat Sans	klimatsans.com
Klimat Upplysningen	klimatupplysningen.se
Koklimaat	koklimaat.nl
La Question Climatique	laquestionclimatique.org
Science, Climat et Énergie	science-climat-energie.be
Sky Fall	skyfall.fr
Weather Action	weatheraction.com
A Grande Farsa do Aquecimento Global	agfdag.wordpress.com

Satire

Numerous websites have been created by companies that contain satirical or news parody content that is intended to be or has been designated by fact-checkers as fake news.

Troll farms

Examples of countries with troll farms that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Cambodia, Ghana, North Macedonia, the Republic of Georgia, and Russia.

User-generated fake news

The following table lists websites that have allowed users to generate their own hoaxes that appear in the form of news articles. While the stated purpose is for users to prank their friends, many of the resulting false stories have spread on social media and have led to harassment.

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
12minutos.com	12minutos.com		Same owner as React 365.
24aktuelles.com	24aktuelles.com		Same owner as React 365.
actualite.co	actualite.co		Same owner as React 365.
theasociatedpress.com	theasociatedpress.com		Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
thebreakingnews.co	thebreakingnews.co		Same owner as React 365.
BreakingNews247.net	BreakingNews247.net		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365.
BreakingNews365.net	BreakingNews365.net		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365.
cbs-news.us	cbs-news.us		Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
cbsnews.us	cbsnews.us		Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
channel22news.com	channel22news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
Channel 23 News	Channel23News.com		Prank website for generating false stories.
Channel24news.com	Channel24news.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel28news.com	channel28news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel33news.com	channel33news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel34news.com	channel34news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel40news.com	channel40news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel45news.com	channel45news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel46news.com	channel46news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel55news.com	channel55news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel56news.com	channel56news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel59news.com	channel59news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel60news.com	channel60news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel62news.com	channel62news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel63news.com	channel63news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel65news.com	channel65news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel66news.com	channel66news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel68news.com	channel68news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel77news.com	channel77news.com		Same owner as Channel 23 News.
Clone Zone	clonezone.link		Impersonated The New York Times to spread the false story that Elizabeth Warren had endorsed Bernie Sanders in 2016.
cnoticias.net	cnoticias.net		Same owner as React 365.
en-bref.fr	en-bref.fr		Same owner as React 365.
fakeawish.com	fakeawish.com
The Fake News Generator	thefakenewsgenerator.com
fakeShare	fakeshare.com
FeedNewz	feednewz.com		Renamed to prank.link.
Journific	journific.com		Often used to spread false claims of businesses about to close.
nachrichten.de.com	nachrichten.de.com		Same owner as React 365.
nachrichten365.com	nachrichten365.com		Same owner as React 365.
net-infosnews.com	net-infosnews.com		Same owner as React 365.
thenewyorktimes.company	thenewyorktimes.company		Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
Nipsy’s News	nipsysnews.com
noticias-frescas.com	noticias-frescas.com		Same owner as React 365.
notizzia.com	notizzia.com		Same owner as React 365.
prank.link	prank.link
PunkShare	PunkShare.com
React 365	React365.com		This user-created fake news generator, supposedly for "pranking your friends", had at least two stories that went viral.
routers.news	routers.news		Same owner as PunkShare. Spoof of Reuters.
SHRTURL	shrturl.co
toutelinfo.fr	toutelinfo.fr		Same owner as React 365.

Other networks

Many fake news websites can be assessed as likely being part of the same network campaign if some combination of the following are true:

• They share the same Google Analytics account
• They share the same Google AdSense account
• They share the same IP address(es)
• They share the same Gravatar ID
• They refer to each other's domains
• They publish the exact or near-exact same content, especially content that has been plagiarized from other sources
• They have the same or similar designs (layouts, bylines, privacy policies, "About" pages, etc.)
• They have the same owner(s) or hosting provider, based on domain registration information.

Action News 3

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Action News 3	actionnews3.com		Spread death hoaxes about various public figures.
Breaking13News.com	Breaking13News.com
Daily Buzz Live	DailyBuzzLive.com		Per PolitiFact. Republished a hoax about worldwide blackout, a false claim that had been spreading since 2012. Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.
dailyviralbuzz.com	dailyviralbuzz.com
News4KTLA.com	News4KTLA.com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Has the same IP address as Action News 3. Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline. Cited story from World News Daily Report.
News4Local.com	News4Local.com
Now 8 News	Now8News.com		Started in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media. Has the same IP address as Action News 3.
TheRacketReport.com	TheRacketReport.com		Per PolitiFact. Has the same IP address as Action News 3. Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.
realstonedtimes.com	realstonedtimes.com
Straight Stoned	straightstoned.com		Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.

Batty Post

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
abc14news.com	abc14news.com		Spoof of ABC News.
abcnews-us.com	abcnews-us.com		Spoof of ABC News.
abcnews5.com	abcnews5.com		Spoof of ABC News.
AlabamaObserver.com	AlabamaObserver.com
albertatimes.com	albertatimes.com
Batty Post	battypost.com		Published a false claim about being acquired by East Asia Tribune, a page that has the same Google AdSense ID.
Border Herald	borderherald.com
Boston Leader	bostonleader.com		Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site.
boston-post.com	boston-post.com		Not to be confused with the Boston Post. Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
cairnstimes.com	cairnstimes.com
cbs15.com	cbs15.com		Spoof of CBS News. Possibly part of same network as abc14news.com.
cbsnews10.com	cbsnews10.com		Spoof of CBS News. Part of same network as abc14news.com.
cbsnews15.com	cbsnews15.com		Spoof of CBS News.
cbsnews24.com	cbsnews24.com		Spoof of CBS News.
cgcnews.com	cgcnews.com		Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
cnn-globalnews.com	cnn-globalnews.com		Impostor site of CNN. Published death hoax on Clint Eastwood.
cnn-internationaledition.com	cnn-internationaledition.com		Impostor site of CNN.
coindesk-us.com	coindesk-us.com		Spoof of CoinDesk.
countyweekly.com	countyweekly.com
dallastimes.us	dallastimes.us
DenverInquirer.com	DenverInquirer.com
dublintribune.com	dublintribune.com
East Asia Tribune	eastasiatribune.com		Published death hoax about Kim Jong-un.
Florida Sun Post	floridasunpost.com		Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site.
focustimes.org	focustimes.org
foreignjournal.com	foreignjournal.com
fox-26houston.com	fox-26houston.com
fox-32chicago.com	fox-32chicago.com
foxnews-us.com	foxnews-us.com		Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
foxnews15.com	foxnews15.com
freeinquirer.com	freeinquirer.com
The Jackson Telegraph	jacksontelegraph.com
longarticles.com	longarticles.com
MississippiHerald.com	MississippiHerald.com
nbc9news.com	nbc9news.com		Spoof of NBC. Part of same network as abc14news.com.
nbcnews11.com	nbcnews11.com
nbcnews15.com	nbcnews15.com
nbcnews6.com	nbcnews6.com
newjournal.us	newjournal.us
thenyherald.com	thenyherald.com		Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
pressunion.org	pressunion.org
si-nba.com	si-nba.com
sundayregister.com	sundayregister.com
The Sunday Inquirer	sundayinquirer.com
The Sunday Post	sundaypost.org
surreytelegraph.com	surreytelegraph.com
sydneybulletin.com	sydneybulletin.com
Telegraph Sun	telegraphsun.com
timesofcambodia.com	timesofcambodia.com
tmz-us.com	tmz-us.com		Spoof of TMZ. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
tvtnews.com	tvtnews.com		Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
unitednews.org	unitednews.org
us-nbcnews.com	us-nbcnews.com		Spoof of NBC News. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
usatoday-go.com	usatoday-go.com		Has the same IP address as cbsnews10.com.
Vancouver Inquirer	vancouverinquirer.com
vice-en-us.com	vice-en-us.com		Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
weekendherald.com	weekendherald.com
yahoonews-us.com	yahoonews-us.com		Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.

Celebtricity

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
20minutenews.com	20minutenews.com
alertchild.com	alertchild.com
areyousleep.com	areyousleep.com
badcriminals.com	badcriminals.com
cartelreport.com	cartelreport.com
Celebtricity	celebtricity.com		Has falsely claimed that Barack Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago, Illinois after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a Wendy's employee put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that Bryshere Y. Gray was Jay-Z's son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world".
channel5000.com	channel5000.com
drugsofficial.com	drugsofficial.com
everydaybreakingnews.com	everydaybreakingnews.com
FedsAlert.com	FedsAlert.com
folksvideo.com	folksvideo.com
thefrt.com	thefrt.com
jokerviral.com	jokerviral.com
mrnewswatch.com	mrnewswatch.com
Persecutes.com	Persecutes.com
qualitysharing.com	qualitysharing.com
scaryhours.com	scaryhours.com
smhwtfnews.com	smhwtfnews.com
tmzbreaking.com	tmzbreaking.com
tmzbusiness.com	tmzbusiness.com
tmzcomedy.com	tmzcomedy.com
tmzhiphop.com	tmzhiphop.com
tmzurban.com	tmzurban.com
tmzuncut.com	tmzuncut.com
TMZWorldNews.com	TMZWorldNews.com
tmzworldstar.com	tmzworldstar.com
tmzworldstarnews.com	tmzworldstarnews.com
ViralActions.com	ViralActions.com		Cited story from World News Daily Report.
viralcocaine.com	viralcocaine.com
viraldevil.com	viraldevil.com
viralmugshot.com	viralmugshot.com
viralpropaganda.com	viralpropaganda.com
viralspeech.com	viralspeech.com
viralstupid.com	viralstupid.com

PoliticsFocus

Used a technique called "domain hopping" - repeatedly switching domain names to stay ahead of advertising blacklists on social media.

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
PoliticsFocus	anypolitical.com
PoliticsFocus	cloudpolitical.com
PoliticsFocus	goldpolitics.com
PoliticsFocus	flexpolitics.com
PoliticsFocus	jetpolitics.com
PoliticsFocus	maxrepublican.com
PoliticsFocus	politicsbee.com
PoliticsFocus	politicsedge.com
PoliticsFocus	politicsfast.com
PoliticsFocus	Politicsfocus.com		Per FactCheck.org.
PoliticsFocus	politicsmate.com
PoliticsFocus	politicstec.com
PoliticsFocus	politicsvision.com
PoliticsFocus	sunrepublican.com
PoliticsFocus	totalpolitical.com

Miscellaneous

The following article lists miscellaneous sites that are one-offs or otherwise lack information that would place them into one of the other categories above.

See also