Bolivar County (/ˈbɒlɪvər/ BOL-i-vər) is a county located on the western border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,985. Its county seats are Rosedale and Cleveland. The county is named in honor of Simón Bolívar, early 19th-century leader of the liberation of several South American territories from Spain.

The Cleveland, Mississippi, Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Bolivar County. It is located in the Mississippi Delta, or Yazoo Basin, of Mississippi. This area was first developed for cotton plantations. Large industrial-scale agricultural operations have reduced the number of farm workers needed, and the population is half of its peak in 1930. Today, soybeans, corn, and rice are also commodity crops.

In 1836, when it was founded, the land was originally Choctaw, and was taken for use in agriculture, with some of the most valued land in the state. In 1840, there was only one free black person, 384 free whites, and 971 enslaved people, making its population 60% slaves. This number only increased, because around 1860, the population was about 87% slaves, due to its mostly agricultural economy, and continued to gain a high black population, relating to it being in the delta, and mound bayou's pressure for African-Americans to move to the delta. The county had 18 documented lynchings in the period from 1877 to 1950. In the 1920s, Bolivar county was a hotspot for UNIA chapters, with 17 chapters, and by 1960, it had a significant local civil rights movement, and remains a mostly black area today.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 906 square miles (2,350 km), of which 877 square miles (2,270 km) is land and 29 square miles (75 km) (3.2%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Mississippi by land area and fourth-largest by total area.

• Future Interstate 69
• U.S. Route 61
• Mississippi Highway 1
• Mississippi Highway 8
• Mississippi Highway 32

• Coahoma County (north)
• Sunflower County (east)
• Washington County (south)
• Desha County, Arkansas (west)

• Dahomey National Wildlife Refuge

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1840	1,356		—
1850	2,577		90.0%
1860	10,471		306.3%
1870	9,732		−7.1%
1880	18,652		91.7%
1890	29,980		60.7%
1900	35,427		18.2%
1910	48,905		38.0%
1920	57,669		17.9%
1930	71,051		23.2%
1940	67,564		−4.9%
1950	63,004		−6.7%
1960	54,464		−13.6%
1970	49,409		−9.3%
1980	45,965		−7.0%
1990	41,875		−8.9%
2000	40,633		−3.0%
2010	34,145		−16.0%
2020	30,985		−9.3%
2023 (est.)	28,968		−6.5%
U.S. Decennial Census 1790-1960 1900-1990 1990-2000 2010-2013

Bolivar County Racial Composition

Race	Num.	Perc.
White	10,442	33.7%
Black or African American	19,923	64.3%
Native American	62	0.2%
Asian	310	1.0%
Mixed	248	0.8%
Hispanic or Latino	744	2.4%

As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 30,985 people, 12,114 households, and 7,719 families residing in the county.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 34,145 people living in the county. 64.5% were Black or African American, 33.5% White, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Native American, 0.9% of some other race and 0.6% of two or more races. 1.9% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

As of the census of 2000, there were 40,633 people, 13,776 households, and 9,725 families living in the county. The population density was 46 people per square mile (18/km). There were 14,939 housing units at an average density of [7] per square mile (7/km). The racial makeup of the county was 65.11% Black or African American, 33.24% White, 0.10% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. 1.17% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 13,776 households, out of which 35.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.20% were married couples living together, 27.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.40% were non-families. 25.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 29.60% under the age of 18, 14.00% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 19.60% from 45 to 64, and 11.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 87.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $23,428, and the median income for a family was $27,301. Males had a median income of $27,643 versus $20,774 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,088. About 27.90% of families and 33.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.90% of those under age 18 and 27.90% of those age 65 or over.

According to the most recent data on U.S. life expectancy, published in 2010 by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, a male in Bolivar County could expect to live 65.0 years, the second shortest for any county in the United States, following McDowell County, West Virginia. The national average is 76.1 years for a male.

Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Joseph S. Clark, Jr. had visited "pockets of poverty" in the Mississippi Delta 40 years earlier. In Cleveland, they observed barefoot, underfed African-American children in tattered clothing, with vacant expressions and distended bellies. Kennedy stated that he thought he had seen the worst poverty in the nation in West Virginia, but it paled in comparison to the poverty he observed in Cleveland.

The county has a county administrator, who acts upon the requests of the board of supervisors primarily.

• Delta State University (Cleveland)

The county is within the boundaries of two community college districts: Coahoma Community College and Mississippi Delta Community College. CCC's main campus is in rural Coahoma County outside of Clarksdale, and MDCC's campus is in Moorhead in Sunflower County.

School districts:

• Cleveland School District (Cleveland)
• North Bolivar Consolidated School District (Mound Bayou; previously in Shelby)
• West Bolivar Consolidated School District (Rosedale, Shaw, and Benoit)

Former school districts:

• Benoit School District (Benoit)
• Mound Bayou School District (Mound Bayou)
• Shaw School District (Shaw)

The five school districts other than the Cleveland School District, were, in 2012, among the 20 smallest of the 152 school districts in the State of Mississippi. In the State of Mississippi, Bolivar County was the only county that had six school districts. Consolidation was urged to save money and facilitate cooperation. In 2012 the Mississippi Senate Education Committee passed a bill asking the State of Mississippi to consolidate the six school districts in Bolivar County to three or two. The Mississippi Senate passed the bill 37–11.

As recently as the 1960s the school board of Bolivar County censored what black children were allowed to learn, and mandated that "Neither foreign languages nor civics shall be taught in Negro schools. Nor shall American history from 1860 to 1875 be taught.”

• Bayou Academy (Cleveland)

The Bolivar Commercial was distributed in Bolivar County.

United States presidential election results for Bolivar County, Mississippi

Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party(ies)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2024	3,943	37.79%	6,419	61.51%	73	0.70%
2020	4,671	33.99%	8,904	64.78%	169	1.23%
2016	4,590	33.20%	9,046	65.44%	188	1.36%
2012	4,701	30.47%	10,582	68.59%	145	0.94%
2008	4,891	31.80%	10,334	67.19%	156	1.01%
2004	5,535	36.16%	9,631	62.92%	141	0.92%
2000	4,847	35.80%	8,436	62.31%	255	1.88%
1996	4,027	30.56%	8,670	65.80%	479	3.64%
1992	4,752	33.40%	8,801	61.87%	673	4.73%
1988	6,105	43.34%	7,606	54.00%	374	2.66%
1984	6,939	43.85%	8,769	55.42%	116	0.73%
1980	5,148	35.53%	8,839	61.00%	504	3.48%
1976	5,136	39.89%	7,561	58.73%	178	1.38%
1972	7,397	66.12%	3,616	32.32%	174	1.56%
1968	1,790	15.56%	4,696	40.82%	5,018	43.62%
1964	4,680	86.49%	731	13.51%	0	0.00%
1960	1,012	26.85%	1,119	29.69%	1,638	43.46%
1956	754	21.48%	1,176	33.49%	1,581	45.03%
1952	2,096	53.21%	1,843	46.79%	0	0.00%
1948	115	3.95%	219	7.52%	2,580	88.54%
1944	378	13.39%	2,444	86.61%	0	0.00%
1940	234	7.29%	2,974	92.68%	1	0.03%
1936	101	4.21%	2,296	95.79%	0	0.00%
1932	204	9.48%	1,941	90.24%	6	0.28%
1928	266	12.06%	1,939	87.94%	0	0.00%
1924	266	16.90%	1,212	77.00%	96	6.10%
1920	326	23.80%	1,039	75.84%	5	0.36%
1912	10	2.81%	324	91.01%	22	6.18%

• Cleveland (county seat)
• Rosedale (county seat)
• Mound Bayou
• Shaw (small portion in Sunflower County)
• Shelby

• Bolivar
• Scott
• Skene
• Symonds

• Henry Townsend (musician)

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Bolivar County, Mississippi
• Delta and Providence Cooperative Farms

• Bolivar County Board of Supervisors

33°47′N 90°53′W / 33.79°N 90.88°W / 33.79; -90.88