Daryal Pass
In history
The Darial originates from Dar-i Alān (در الان) meaning "Gate of the Alans" in Persian. The Alans held the lands north of the pass in the first centuries AD. It was fortified in ancient times both by the Romans and Persians; the fortification was variously known as the Iberian Gates or the Caucasian Gates. It was also frequently mistakenly referred to as the Caspian Gates in classical literature. The pass is mentioned in the Georgian annals under the names of Darialani; Strabo calls it Porta Caucasica and Porta Cumana; Ptolemy, Fortes Sarmatica; it was sometimes known as Porta Caucasica and Portae Caspiae (a name bestowed also on the "gate" or pass beside the Caspian Sea at Derbent); and the Tatars call it Darioly.
Josephus wrote that Alexander the Great built iron gates at an unspecified pass which some Latin and Greek authors identified with Darial.
Darial Pass fell into Sassanid hands in 252–253, when the Sassanid Empire conquered and annexed Iberia. The control of the Darial Pass switched to the Western Turkic Kaganate in 628, when Tong Yabgu Kagan signed a treaty with Iberia, transferring over to the Kaganate the control of all its cities and fortresses, and establishing free trade. Control of Darial Pass switched to the Arab Rashidun Caliphate in 644. Afterwards, it was controlled by the Kingdom of Georgia. There was a battle point between the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde, then indirectly controlled by Safavids and Qajar state, until it was captured by Russian Empire after annexation of Kingdom of Georgia in 1801–1830. It remained a strategic Russian forepost under Russian control until the dismemberment of the Soviet Union.
Importance
The Darial Pass was historically important as one of only two crossings of the Caucasus mountain range, the other being the Derbent Pass. As a result, Darial Gorge has been fortified since at least 150 BC.
As the main border crossing between Georgia and Russia, it has been the site of Russians fleeing conscription for the Russo-Ukrainian War.
See also
Notes
- ^ Georgian: დარიალის ხეობა, romanized: darialis kheoba; Ingush: Даьра Аьле, Тийрк-чӀож, romanized: Dära Äle/Tiyrk-Chozh; Ossetian: Арвыком, romanized: Arvykom; Russian: Дарьяльское ущелье, romanized: Daryalskoe ushchelye.
- ^ "Garrison of the Iberians" (Greek: Iouroeipaach, Biraparach, from Armenian) https://iranicaonline.org/articles/darband-i-ancient-city
References
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Darial". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 832.
- ^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 116. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
- ^ Sauer, Eberhard (2020). Dariali: The 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages. Oxbow Books. p. 3. ISBN 9781789251951.
- ^ Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010, pp. 51–52.
- ^ Van Donzel, Emeri; Andrea Schmidt (2010). Gog and Magog in Early Syriac and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-9004174160.
- ^ Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2007). The Qur'an in its Historical Context. Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 978-0415428996.
- ^ Ehsan Yarshater. The Cambridge history of Iran, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-521-20092-X, 9780521200929, p. 141
- ^ Movses Kagankatvatsi. History of Agvans (Russian trans. and ed. by Patkanov). St. Petersburg, 1861, pp. 121
- ^ Akram A.I. The Muslim Conquest of Persia, Ch:16 ISBN 978-0-19-597713-4
- ^ Ivanova, Ksenia; Porter, Catherine (2022-10-01). "Panic, Bribes, Ditched Cars and a Dash on Foot: Portraits of Flight From Russia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
- Bibliography
- Van Donzel, Emeri J.; Schmidt, Andrea Barbara (2010). Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall. Brill. ISBN 978-9004174160.
Further reading
- Banaji, Jairus (2019). "On the Identity of Shahrālānyōzān in the Greek and Middle Persian Papyri from Egypt". In Sijpesteijn, Petra; Schubert, Alexander T. (eds.). Documents and the History of the Early Islamic World. Brill. pp. 27–42.
- Dunlop, D.M. (1960). "Bāb al-Lān". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469456.
- Ognibene, Paolo (2022). "Beyond the Gate: Alans, Sasanians and the Caucasus". Sasanian Studies: Late Antique Iranian World. 1 (1): 207–214. doi:10.13173/SSt.1.207.
- Sauer, Eberhard (2020). Dariali: The 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages. Oxbow Books. pp. 1–1088. ISBN 978-1789251920.