According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 567.70 square miles (1,470.3 km), of which 553.18 square miles (1,432.7 km) is land and 14.52 square miles (37.6 km) (2.56%) is water.

Davidson County is located entirely within the Piedmont region of central North Carolina. The Piedmont consists of gently rolling terrain frequently broken by hills or shallow valleys formed by rivers and streams. An exception to this terrain are the Uwharrie Mountains in the county's western and southwestern sections. The Uwharries are the oldest mountain range in North America, and at one time they rose to nearly 20,000 feet (6,100 m) above sea level. However, time has worn them down to little more than high hills; yet due to the relative flatness of the surrounding countryside they still rise from 250 to 500 feet (150 m) above their base. The highest point in the Uwharries - and the highest point in Davidson County - is High Rock Mountain in the county's southwestern corner. It has an elevation of 1,119 feet (341 m) above sea level.

• Uwharrie National Forest (part)

• Boone's Cave Park
• Lake Thom-A-Lex Park
• Uwharrie Game Land (part)
• Yadkin River Game Land (part)

• Abbotts Creek
• Badin Lake
• High Rock Lake
• Lake Thom-A-Lex
• South Potts Creek
• Tuckertown Reservoir
• Yadkin River

• Forsyth County – north
• Guilford County – northeast
• Randolph County – east
• Montgomery County – south
• Stanly County – southwest
• Rowan County – southwest
• Davie County – west

• I-85
• I-285
• US 29
• US 52
• US 64
• US 70
• NC 8
• NC 47
• NC 49
• NC 62
• NC 68
• NC 109
• NC 150

• Davidson County Airport
• Lexington Station

As of the 2020 census, there were 168,930 people, 69,938 households, and 49,037 families residing in the county.

At the 2010 census, there were 149,331 people, 58,156 households, and 42,512 families residing in the county. The population density was 267 people per square mile (103 people/km). There were 62,432 housing units at an average density of 113 units per square mile (44 units/km). The racial makeup of the county was 84.05% White, 11.14% Black or African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.82% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.66% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. 3.24% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 58,156 households, out of which 32.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.00% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.90% were non-families. 22.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.30% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 31.20% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 12.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $38,640, and the median income for a family was $46,241. Males had a median income of $31,287 versus $23,622 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,703. About 7.00% of families and 10.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.30% of people under age 18 and 12.10% of those age 65 or over.

Davidson County was one of the first areas of North Carolina to turn Republican, doing so long before other areas of conservative white voters shifted away from the Democrats. No Democratic presidential nominee has carried the county since Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Thomas E. Dewey by a mere ten votes out of almost 19,000 in 1944. It was one of only 13 counties out of 100 in the state to vote for Barry Goldwater over Lyndon Johnson in 1964, and the last Democrat to garner even one-third of the county's vote was Jimmy Carter in 1980.

Davidson County is a member of the regional Piedmont Triad Council of Governments.

Davidson County gained national attention when Gerald Hege, Sheriff from 1994 to 2003, became a minor celebrity for his unconventional prisoner treatment methods.

Davidson County is served by Davidson County Schools; however, the cities of Thomasville and Lexington have their own school districts. Davidson County Schools is one of the county's largest employers.

Davidson County is also served by Davidson-Davie Community College, a comprehensive community college that is a member school of the North Carolina Community College System. Davidson-Davie Community College was chartered in 1958 as an Industrial Education Center designed to provide adults with the education and skills needed to move from an agricultural to a manufacturing-based economy.

In 1965, the institution was chartered as Davidson County Community College. The Associate in Arts and Associate in Science degrees were added to the existing Associate in Applied Science degree, Diploma, and Certificate programs. University transfer courses were added in 1966. In 1997, the college participated in the Comprehensive Articulation Agreement (CAA) that allows college transfer students to move easily to the 16 UNC schools, as well as many independent college and universities. Presently the Davidson Campus has grown to 11 buildings and two emergency services training facilities on approximately 97 acres (390,000 m).

One of the county's most famous attractions is the yearly Lexington Barbecue Festival, held in the city of Lexington during the month of October, bringing in over 100,000 visitors from all over the southeastern U.S. There is also a yearly Davidson County Agriculture Fair held in September. Thomasville hosts an annual "Everybody's Day Festival", the longest running festival in the state. The "Southeastern Old Threshers Reunion" is held every year at the Denton Farmpark.

There are many year-long attractions in Davidson County. Some of which include Historic Uptown Lexington, which consists of the Davidson County Historical Museum located in the old courthouse. Alongside the Yadkin River sits Boone's Cave Park where according to legend, a young Daniel Boone and his family once lived. Other attractions include Denton Farm Park, Walter Johnson Camp and Conference Center, and the North Carolina Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The historic Wil-Cox Bridge spanning the Yadkin River has been preserved for pedestrian traffic and is now part of the Yadkin River Park. The Big Chair in Thomasville is also a major landmark.

Pigs in the City is an art initiative held each summer in Lexington, and attracts tens of thousands of visitors.

In 2005, Davidson County Community College and the City of Thomasville formed a partnership for the creation of the Thomasville Artisan Center. This art studio allowed the college to reinvigorate its Associate in Fine Arts Degree and offer both university transfer classes as well as adult community interest classes in painting, drawing, and sculpting. The Artisan Center is part of the college's Thomasville Education Center complex which is part of the college's outreach to the community. The college has a second campus in Davie County in the city of Mocksville, as well as the Uptown Lexington Education Center, located within a few blocks of the Arts Center of Davidson County and the historic Court House.

One of the two major styles of North Carolina barbecue originated in Lexington, the county seat and home to the annual Lexington Barbecue Festival. Therefore, many Lexington-style barbecue restaurants are found throughout the county.

Davidson County is home to many supporting race fans and the famous Richard Childress. It includes his personal Childress Vineyards and Richard Childress Racing Museum.

Davidson County is also known for its oversized chair, "The Big Chair." This chair is located in central Thomasville and is a symbol of Davidson County's furniture industry.

High Rock Lake is the northernmost of the Uwharrie Lakes and the second largest lake in North Carolina behind Lake Norman. Its water surface covers 15,180 acres (61.4 km) and there are 365 miles (587 km) of shoreline. It begins at the confluence of the Yadkin River and the South Yadkin River. It has been the host of the Bassmaster Classic in 1994, 1995 and 1998. and is the site of frequent other local angling competitions. Lexington is just north of the Abbotts Creek section of the lake.

• High Point (part)
• Lexington (county seat)
• Thomasville (largest community)

• Denton
• Midway
• Wallburg

• Southmont
• Tyro
• Welcome
• Yadkin College

• Arcadia
• Churchland
• Gordontown
• Holly Grove
• Reeds
• Silver Hill
• Silver Valley

• Nia Franklin, Miss America 2019
• Wilmer "Vinegar Bend" Mizell, Professional Baseball player for the Pirates and Cardinals, and a Congressman who served three terms. (1930–1999)
• Max Lanier and son Hal Lanier, both Major League Baseball players are from Denton.
• Eddie Mathews, Hall of Fame baseball player, played for Thomasville in 1949 before going
• Perry Tuttle, Former NFL & CFL wide receiver.
• Shy Tuttle, Defensive tackle for the Carolina Panthers.

• List of counties in North Carolina
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, North Carolina

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Davidson County, North Carolina.

• Geographic data related to Davidson County, North Carolina at OpenStreetMap
• Official website