After being introduced in "The Church on Ruby Road", Michelle Greenidge and Angela Wynter recurred throughout the series as Carla and Cherry Sunday, Ruby's adoptive mother and grandmother. Anita Dobson also appeared in multiple episodes as Ruby's neighbour Mrs Flood. Jemma Redgrave returned to her role as UNIT leader Kate Lethbridge-Stewart once again, as she did in the 2023 specials, appearing in three episodes. Following her appearance in "Wild Blue Yonder" (2023) as Mrs Merridew, Susan Twist held multiple roles in the series' first six episodes as seemingly disparate characters. In the two-part finale, Twist had a final role as Susan Triad, which revealed connections between the characters. Alexander Devrient and Yasmin Finney returned from the 2023 specials to portray Colonel Christopher Ibrahim and Rose Noble. Nicholas Briggs also reprised his role as the voice of the Vlinx. Gabriel Woolf returned to the programme to voice Sutekh, a character he previously voiced in the 1975 serial Pyramids of Mars. Bonnie Langford appeared as former Doctor Who companion Mel Bush.

The first guest star announcement for the series occurred on 9 January 2023 when it was revealed that Aneurin Barnard would appear as Roger ap Gwilliam. Davina McCall played a fictionalised version of herself in the Christmas special. Lenny Rush was cast to voice baby Eric in "Space Babies", but after producers were impressed by his performance, Rush was promoted to the role of UNIT scientific advisor Morris Gibbons. Jinkx Monsoon joined the series to play a "major role", later revealed to be Maestro in "The Devil's Chord". Varada Sethu, who had previously been announced as a new companion for the fifteenth series, made a surprise appearance in "Boom" as Mundy Flynn. Davies said her role in series 15 would not be the same character, but that the two would be connected. An additional guest role in the series was announced to be played by Jonathan Groff. Groff ultimately portrayed the titular character in "Rogue". Indira Varma, who previously starred as Suzie Costello in the Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood, appeared as the Duchess of Pemberton in the same episode. Paul Forman was cast as Lord Barton. Seven additional guest stars were revealed on 31 March 2024 which included Golda Rosheuvel, Callie Cooke, Siân Phillips, Bhav Joshi, Majid Mehdizadeh-Valoujerdy, Tachia Newall and Caoilinn Springall. Other guest roles were played by Amol Rajan, Tom Rhys Harries, Genesis Lynea, and Sian Clifford.

The series is the first to be produced under an international streaming partnership with Disney Branded Television, after the company bought rights in 2022 to stream future episodes on Disney+, starting with the 2023 specials. The BBC were interested in finding a streaming partner to "transform Doctor Who into a global franchise". Davies' vision aligned with the BBC's, adding that the show deserves to be amongst "the big hitters" in the modern streaming world. He also wanted the show to have a higher production value, with the Disney partnership elevating the show's budget. Davies explained that "if you want Doctor Who to have a bigger budget, it's not right that it comes from the licence fee—it is right that we go to a bigger broadcaster, a bigger platform, and go into co-production with them." Before any scripts had been written, Davies pitched "the concept of the entire first series" to Disney, providing them with a "rough format of how it would go and the shape of it and what it would look and feel like." Disney reportedly signed a two-season order for the show.

To coincide with launching the show on Disney+, the series was rebranded as Season 1. Davies explained that continuing with "series 14" could turn away new audiences on the platform; adding that "the reason why it's survived for all these years is that every so often, Doctor Who stops, opens the door and refreshes itself, and gets a new audience in." Former showrunners Steven Moffat and Chris Chibnall had considered similar titles for their debut series. Davies wanted to modernise the show and "bring 2024 to it", with "new energy" and "territory we've never touched before"; with an aim to make it "madder, wilder and funnier". He also wanted to push "the sense of fun" into the show "because I think we need it... In this day and age, come and have fun." Davies wanted the series to be an escape from a "tough world": "I want people, of all ages, frankly, to turn from the news and to turn from whatever aggression there is online and to come to a nice, safe space, where we'll have a good time." According to Davies, the BBC wanted the show to strengthen its engagement with the younger demographic, with Davies tasked with creating a "simpler and younger" version of the programme.

Julie Gardner, Jane Tranter, Phil Collinson and Joel Collins all continued to serve as executive producers alongside Davies, with Bad Wolf co-producing the show alongside BBC Studios and Disney Branded Television. Moffat was credited as executive producer of the third episode, "Boom", for which he wrote the script and led the production process. Julie Anne Robinson, director of "Space Babies" and "Boom", also executive-produced those episodes.

Davies wrote the 2023 Christmas special and the bulk of the series, while guest writers were invited for the third and sixth episodes. Former showrunner and head writer Steven Moffat returned to write "Boom". Davies contacted Moffat in September 2021 and told him about his plans for the show. Moffat pitched several ideas to Davies, before landing on the concept that became the third episode. Davies also reportedly asked Chris Chibnall, who had served as showrunner from 2018 to 2022, to return as a guest writer, but this offer was declined. "Rogue" is co-written by first-time writers for the show, Kate Herron and Briony Redman. Scott Handcock served as script editor. The series features an episodic format, with the first six episodes serving as standalone stories, before concluding with a two-part series finale. Davies compared it to an "anthology series - every week, a new time and place", while also containing "little hints and hooks here and there which might build up to something" in the final episodes. Like his first series in 2005, Davies didn't want the series to be clogged with backstory for first-time viewers, and ensured that the basic foundations would be discovered again through the eyes of the companion.

Davies created a mystery arc for the companion Ruby Sunday; a "foundling" who wants to track down her birth parents but has no trace. He was inspired by episodes of Long Lost Family: Born Without Trace, a series which attempts to reunite foundlings with the parents who abandoned them. Davies wanted the companion's story to have correlations with the Doctor's story, with both of the characters being abandoned and adopted as children, a continuation of the Timeless Child story arc introduced in the Thirteenth Doctor's era. He believed this would create a unique bond between the Doctor and Ruby, and the question of a person's background and their family history would "strike a chord" with the audience. Davies intended for an "almost fairytale fashion" to Ruby's backstory, describing it as "Dickensian". The Christmas Eve backdrop to this story meant that the theme of Christmas could be "weaved" into the whole series; this is demonstrated through the appearance of snowflakes each time Ruby's story is mentioned. Davies also created a mystery hook that sees each episode feature a new character played by the same actress, Susan Twist, with neither the characters nor the audience knowing why. He described the hook as a form of "internet-age storytelling", with the hope that it would "generate content". Other hooks include the TARDIS groaning ominously, and Ruby's enigmatic neighbour Mrs Flood.

The Christmas special introduces Ruby and establishes her story arc. Davies said that this episode is the case of "a story interrupted"; the story being Ruby's birth, and "a Time Lord is obviously going to start winding himself into that story in the way that no one else can"; those events would draw the Doctor to Ruby's life in the present-day, where "there's something beginning to just stir around her very existence", via her string of bad luck. It was intended for this story to leave a lot of questions hanging for the first episode of the series; Davies explained that the Christmas story would have carried "too much weight" if it had introduced the Doctor entirely, and therefore "he remains a mystery to [Ruby] for much of the episode". He described it as "a dance between the two characters meeting but not meeting, kind of circling around each other... so you feel the gravity of them drawing them towards each other and the weight of the plot making that gravity happen." Tonally, Davies wanted the special to be "joyous" and "pure, pure Christmas"; adding that it needed to be a "big centrepiece".

Adopting the traditional monster-of-the-week formula, the series features a variety of genres and settings across its episodes. The intention was to make the show "really, really different every week". The two-part season finale is a disaster plot on modern-day Earth with key ongoing story threads reaching their peak, including the discovery of Ruby's birth mother, and the answers behind Susan Twist's characters. Davies wanted a finale that would "generate electricity" and serve as an "end-of-season showdown", equal to the heightened stakes of his previous finale "The Stolen Earth" / "Journey's End" (2008). The finale reintroduces the classic series enemy Sutekh, previously seen in the serial Pyramids of Mars (1975), with Davies wanting to "prove that the show hasn't severed its roots". He also wanted the finale to answer all of the key questions, except for the Mrs Flood story, which was created as a "slow-burn" and would "very clearly lead" to the next series.

Following up on the Toymaker's return and warning in "The Giggle", Davies wanted this series to take a "sly step" into fantasy; with more supernatural antagonists including gods and legendary creatures. Gatwa added that "a whole pantheon full of different villains and lore and mythology" would be introduced in the series. The use of goblins as the special's antagonists is the first example of the series leaning into the fantasy genre. Davies explained that some of the most powerful gods in the series would form part of "the pantheon", a legion of villains connected to the Toymaker. This included Maestro in "The Devil's Chord", the god of music, and Sutekh in "The Legend of Ruby Sunday" / "Empire of Death", the god of death. He stated that Doctor Who is more exciting when the enemy is "someone changing all of time and space around them." Elaborating further on why he opted for a more supernatural approach, Davies said that he wanted the show to start deviating from a predictable narrative structure and "break those rules", lending the chance to "have fun and go wild" with the stories and have enemies that seem "impossible to beat".

It was the freedom... [to] take the wheels off the bike and take the roof off the room and lift things into the world of fantasy. The hard thing is finding a way to defeat [the pantheon]. I mean, it becomes very hard for me to think of ways for them to be defeated. And therefore it becomes hard for The Doctor to think of ways for them to be defeated. So I love that. Even now I'm having to invent rules that will pin them down.

— Russell T Davies

Pre-production for the series began on 26 September 2022, with the first readthrough held at Bad Wolf Studios on 30 November 2022. Soundstage and backlot filming took place at Bad Wolf. For certain episodes, the series employed "top-of-the-range technology" such as virtual LED screens and the use of drones in-studio, to depict alien landscapes and boost visual scale, similar to the tech used by Marvel and Star Wars. Location filming was based across Cardiff and other locations around Wales. Some of these sets stood in for locations in London, with the production team changing street signs and zebra crossings, among other things, to further the resemblance.

Principal photography began on 5 December 2022, with the first production block — consisting of "73 Yards" and "Dot and Bubble" — directed by Dylan Holmes Williams. Gatwa was largely absent during this block, due to his commitments on the fourth season of Sex Education. This resulted in two consecutive 'Doctor-lite' stories. Davies explained that hiring Gatwa for the role, despite his availability conflicts, was a risk they were willing to take to secure "the best possible Doctor in 2024 that we could wish for." Filming for the second block — consisting of the 2023 Christmas special "The Church on Ruby Road" — began during the first week of February 2023, directed by Mark Tonderai. Tonderai had previously directed the eleventh series episodes "The Ghost Monument" and "Rosa" (both 2018). The third production block — consisting of "Space Babies" and "Boom" — entered production in March 2023, directed by Julie Anne Robinson. Block 3 was almost entirely studio-bound, with both episodes covering futuristic, off-world settings which were achieved on soundstages. The fourth production block — consisting of historicals "The Devil's Chord" and "Rogue" — began filming on 19 April 2023, directed by Ben Chessell. The fifth production block — consisting of the two-part finale "The Legend of Ruby Sunday" / "Empire of Death" — began filming on 5 June 2023, directed by Jamie Donoughue. On 15 July 2023, Davies confirmed that filming had concluded for the series.

Production blocks were arranged as follows:

Murray Gold returned to compose the soundtrack for the 2023 Christmas special and the fourteenth series. Work on the series' score began in early 2023. Themes for the Fifteenth Doctor and Ruby Sunday, titled "Fifteen" and "The Life of Sunday" respectively, were performed live for the first time as part of Doctor Who @60: A Musical Celebration in September 2023.

"The Goblin Song" was written by Davies and composed by Gold, along with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, for the musical number during "The Church on Ruby Road". This was released as a charity single for Children in Need on 11 December 2023, peaking at Number 12 in the UK Singles Sales Chart. The song was performed by Christina Rotondo as Janis Goblin, with verses from both Gatwa and Gibson, which were performed during the shoot. The track was composed at the Wales Millennium Centre in January 2023; and was played at the special's readthrough. Gold described the song as "really fun" and said that Davies has "always wanted to just make Doctor Who as musical as possible".

"The Devil's Chord" ends with a three-minute musical number, which includes vocals from both Gatwa and Gibson. Gold was tasked with writing and composing the song during pre-production for the second episode. Davies wanted a "celebratory" ending after music is restored: "I want the screen to burst, I want that fourth wall to start breaking down", with Gold adding that "the whole episode really rests on this big release of emotion". He was also briefed by the production team to write "some really bad Beatles songs" for the scenes where music is failing. According to Gold, Davies sent him an email asking him to "just make it funny", and he wrote the songs in "about 15 seconds".

"Rogue" featured orchestral covers of songs by Billie Eilish and Lady Gaga, as well as including tracks from Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Kylie Minogue.

On 30 November 2023, the title, synopsis and guest cast for "The Church on Ruby Road" were revealed. A trailer for the special was released after "The Giggle" on 9 December 2023. The cast attended a press launch at the BFI Southbank on 12 December 2023, where Gatwa and Gibson lit the London Eye blue; this was part of a "Doctor Who takeover" of the London South Bank, which featured an interactive 'Art of Regeneration' sculpture, and a showcase of the Fifteenth Doctor's sonic screwdriver. Gatwa appeared on The Graham Norton Show on 15 December 2023 to promote the special, where a preview clip was shown.

On 25 December 2023, the first teaser trailer for the fourteenth series was shown on BBC One after the airing of "The Church on Ruby Road", confirming that the series would start in May 2024. On 18 February 2024, the first promotional poster was released on social media. The premiere date and new broadcast plans were announced on 15 March 2024, along with the release of a second teaser trailer and poster. Davies said it was his "great delight to unleash a whole new season of the Doctor and Ruby's adventures together". A March 2024 press release teased that the series will feature "adventures all the way from the Regency era in England, to war-torn future worlds".

Disney+ released its official trailer for the series on 22 March 2024. A remix of the song Changes by David Bowie was used as the soundtrack to the trailer. On 31 March 2024, the titles of each episode were revealed individually on social media with 30-minute intervals, leading to a new trailer. In April 2024, magazines such as Empire, SFX and Entertainment Weekly featured interviews with Gatwa, Gibson and Davies promoting the series. On 25 April, a double-decker bus toured locations in Central London before arriving at Regent Street Cinema for the UK press launch. Gatwa and Gibson promoted the series in New York City; advertisements were streamed on billboards in Times Square, and interviews were featured on Good Morning America, ABC News and Late Night with Seth Meyers. A replica of the TARDIS appeared at Downtown Disney in California ahead of the premiere. A Doctor Who-branded New York City subway train was seen running through Times Square, with the carriages encompassing artwork for the series.

Radio Times magazine released three collectable covers starring the Doctor and Ruby for its 4–10 May 2024 issue. Preview clips from "Space Babies" were released on 4 and 5 May. Gatwa appeared as the Doctor on Match of the Day alongside the show's presenter Gary Lineker in an opening sketch to promote the series. Disney Branded Television hosted the US press launch at NeueHouse Hollywood in Los Angeles on 8 May 2024. The same day, Billboard released an exclusive clip from "The Devil's Chord"; with a second clip released by the BBC on 10 May.

Following the series conclusion, Gatwa, Gibson, and Davies appeared at the 2024 San Diego Comic-Con, where they discussed the fourteenth series in a panel moderated by Josh Horowitz. Davies also participated in a panel with Alex Kurtzman, the showrunner of multiple television series within the Star Trek franchise. The collaboration was branded as "the first Intergalactic Friendship Day".

The series was preceded by three specials which aired during November and December 2023, marking Davies' return and the show's 60th anniversary, as well as the first episodes to be released internationally on Disney+. The 2023 Christmas special, "The Church on Ruby Road", aired on 25 December, serving as Gatwa and Gibson's first full episode.

The fourteenth series premiered on 11 May 2024, with a double-bill release of the first two episodes at midnight BST on BBC iPlayer and Disney+, before both were aired consecutively on BBC One later that day. Subsequent episodes followed the same release pattern. The two-part finale, "The Legend of Ruby Sunday" / "Empire of Death", were screened together in UK cinemas on 21 June, with the latter episode aligning with its midnight release on 22 June.

On 20 June 2024, a new episode of Tales of the TARDIS was broadcast on BBC Four featuring the first appearance of Sutekh in Pyramids of Mars (1975) and bookended with new scenes of Gatwa and Gibson.

The series was accompanied by Doctor Who: Unleashed, a behind-the-scenes companion show. Adopting a similar format to the former behind-the-scenes programme Doctor Who Confidential, Unleashed follows every new episode of Doctor Who with a 30-minute instalment on BBC Three, hosted by Steffan Powell. The show was announced on 27 September 2023, after accurate reports of the show surfaced the previous year. An additional episode of Unleashed followed the series finale and featured previously unseen clips from across the series.

The series were released on both DVD and Blu-ray on 12 August 2024, under the title of "Season 1". It was made available for pre-order in May of the same year.

Three episodes from the series were novelised as part of the Target Collection, along with a paperback re-release of the 2023 Christmas special. They were released on 8 August 2024.