Drisht
Name
The name of the settlement was recorded in Latin as Drivastum. Albanian Drisht derives from Drivastum through Albanian phonetic changes, however it has been noted that the accentual pattern found in Drísht < Drívastum presupposes an "Adriatic Illyrian" intermediary. Drisht follows Albanian continuity from the Latin Drivastum
History
The settlement of Drivastum is known to have existed before the tenth century AD. The Diocese of Drivastum became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Antivari in 1089, after it was transferred from the Archdiocese of Ragusa.
In 1081—1116 Drivastum belonged to the kingdom of Duklja. In 1183, Serbian Stefan Nemanja conquered Drivast and its surroundings.
In 1241, the city was plundered by the Mongols under Subutai, as they were advancing east across Zeta, while heading home. A document from 1332 mentions the town was inhabited by Latins, while outside the town walls lived Albanians. Scholars estimate that Drivast was taken by the Balsha ca. spring of 1362. However, it is known that by 1363, they had captured Drivast and nearby Scutari.
In 1393, Gjergj II Balsha, having negotiated his freedom from Ottoman captivity, submitted to the Sultan's suzerainty and surrendered Drivast, Shirgj and Scutari. However, Gjergj soon ended his vassalage to the Ottomans and reconquered the cities he had surrendered mere months before. In 1395, knowing he could not outlast an Ottoman attack, he handed these cities, including Drivast, to dogal Venice in exchange for 1,000 ducats yearly.
In 1399, the townspeople in Drivasto (the city's new Italian name) and Scutari started a revolt against Venice, angered at the high taxes they were paying. The revolt lasted for three years, when Venetian troops managed to control the situation. However, the areas surrounding Drivast and Scutari no longer recognized Venetian authority.
Frustrated by Venice's policies regarding his former territories and its trade monopoly that resulted in economic stagnation in his ports, Gjergj II dispatched troops to reclaim his former lands, including Drivast, thereby violating his peace treaty with Venice. Gjergj's actions prompted Venice to suspect his involvement in instigating the uprising, though historians remain uncertain about the accuracy of this accusation. Additionally, the Turks mobilized raiding parties to these rebellious territories in response.
In 1423 Đurađ Branković conquered Drivast and annexed it to the Serbian Despotate. Supported by Ottomans, Gojčin Crnojević and Little Tanush Dukagjin, Maramonte plundered the region around Scutari and Ulcinj and attacked Drivast in 1429, but failed to capture it.
In August 1442, Venice took Drivast from Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković. Native citizens of Drivast were hostile toward the advances of both Albanians and Serbs, so they accepted Venetian suzerainty under the condition that Venice wouldn't employ Albanian pronoiers and that the city's lands previously given to Serbs during the time of the Serbian Despotate would be returned to the cityfolk.
In 1447, Skanderbeg demanded from the Venetians to give control over Drivast to him, along with the lands which earlier belonged to Lekë Zakarija. However, the Venetians refused to accept his demands and Skanderbeg started the war against Venice.
In March 1451 Lekë Dukagjini and Bozhidar Dushmani planned to attack Venetian controlled Drivast. Their plot was discovered and Bozhidar was forced to exile.
In September 1478, Drivast was captured by the Ottomans.
Ecclesiastical History
The bishopric was founded around 400 AD, as a suffragan of its Late Roman province Dalmatia Superior's capital Doclea's Metropolitan bishop.
Drivastum became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Antivari in 1089, after it was transferred from the Archdiocese of Ragusa. The townspeople of Drivast murdered one of their bishops in the thirteenth century.
The residential see was suppressed in 1650, its territory being merged into the Diocese of Shkodrë (in Albania).
Titular see
In 1933 the diocese was nominally restored as Latin Titular bishopric of Drivastum (Drivasto in Curiate Italian).
It has had the following incumbents, of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank with two archiepiscopal (intermediary) exceptions :
- Cipriano Cassini (趙信義), Jesuits (S.J.) (1936.12.23 – 1946.04.11)
- Daniel Liston, Holy Ghost Fathers (C.S.Sp.) (1947.03.13 – 1949.12.19)
- João Floriano Loewenau, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1950.09.08 – 1979.06.04)
- Rafael Barraza Sánchez (1979.10.26 – 1981.10.19)
- Titular Archbishop Traian Crisan (1981.12.07 – 1990.11.06)
- Bruno Bertagna (1990.12.15 – 2007.02.15) (later Archbishop)
- Titular Archbishop Bruno Bertagna (2007.02.15 – 2013.10.31)
- Paul Tighe (2015.12.19 – ...), Adjunct Secretary of Pontifical Council for Culture, Member of Vatican Media Committee
Modern Drisht
The population of modern Drisht is predominantly Muslim and Albanian speaking. Drisht is accessible by a 4x4 or by walking.
See also
References
- ^ "Location of Drisht". Retrieved June 15, 2010.
- ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). pp. 6374–6375. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Demiraj 2006, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Huld 1986, p. 250.
- ^ Matzinger 2009, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Malcolm 1998 - pp. 22-40.
- ^ Historical dictionary of Albania - Page 118 Robert Elsie - 2010
- ^ Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1990). Knjiga o Kosovu: razgovori o Kosovu (in Serbian). Književne novine. p. 36. ISBN 9788639101947. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ 1332 Anonymous: Initiative for Making the Passage
- ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (13 January 2014). Istorija srpskog naroda. eBook Portal. p. 340. GGKEY:XPENWQLDTZF.
- ^ Božić 1979, p. 290
- ^ Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2001), Das venezianische Albanien (1392-1479), München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München, p. 308, ISBN 3-486-56569--9, retrieved 17 January 2012
- ^ Bešić, Zarij M. (1970). Istorija Črne Gore, Volume 2, Part 2 (in Serbian). Titograd: Redakcija za istoriju Črne Gore. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ Historical dictionary of Albania - Page 118 Robert Elsie - 2010.
- ^ Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division, Sir John Linton Myres, Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham - 1945.
- ^ Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide - Page 160 Gillian Gloyer - 2008.
Sources
- Shala-Peli, Teuta (2014). Drishti në Mesjetë [Drisht in the Middle Ages] (Thesis). Academy of Sciences of Albania-Center of Albanological Studies.
- Božić, Ivan (1979). Nemirno pomorje XV veka (in Serbian). Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga. OCLC 5845972. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Tirana: Academy of Sciences of Albania. ISBN 978-99943-817-1-5.
- Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 99 (2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 245–253. JSTOR 40848841.
- Matzinger, Joachim (2009). "Shqiptarët si pasardhës të ilirëve nga këndvështrimi i gjuhësisë historike". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens; Frantz, Eva Anne (eds.). Historia e Shqiptarëve: Gjendja dhe perspektivat e studimeve (in Albanian). Translated by Pandeli Pani and Artan Puto. Botime Përpjekja. pp. 13–39. ISBN 978-99943-0-254-3.
- GCatholic with incumbent bio links
Further reading
- Ippen, Theodor (1900), "Stari spomenici u Albaniji", Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini, Zbirka povjesti, vol. 12, Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary: Zemaljska štamparija, pp. 511–531