The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee (in case citations, E.D. Tenn.) is the federal court in the Sixth Circuit whose jurisdiction covers most of East Tennessee and a portion of Middle Tennessee. The court has jurisdiction over 41 counties, which are divided among four divisions. Based in Knoxville, Tennessee, it maintains branch facilities in Chattanooga, Tennessee; Greeneville, Tennessee; and Winchester, Tennessee.

• The Southern Division, based in Chattanooga, serves Bledsoe, Bradley, Hamilton, Marion, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Rhea and Sequatchie counties.
• The Northeastern Division, based in Greeneville, serves Carter, Cocke, Greene, Hamblen, Hancock, Hawkins, Johnson, Sullivan, Unicoi and Washington counties.
• The Northern Division, based in Knoxville, serves Anderson, Blount, Campbell, Claiborne, Grainger, Jefferson, Knox, Loudon, Monroe, Morgan, Roane, Scott, Sevier and Union counties.
• The Winchester Division serves Bedford, Coffee, Franklin, Grundy, Lincoln, Moore, Warren and Van Buren counties.

The United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Tennessee represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. Since January 5, 2021, the United States attorney has been Francis M. Hamilton III, first as interim United States attorney appointed by United States Attorney General Merrick Garland, until appointed full United States attorney, on April 25, 2022, by the District Court itself, while still waiting for a Presidential appointee to be confirmed by the US Senate.

The court was established by the Judiciary Act of 1801 ("Midnight Judges" Act) wherein Congress created a new Sixth Circuit with two districts in Tennessee. Since 1797, the state had been organized by Congress into one judicial district with one judge, John McNairy.

Tennessee – along with Kentucky, Ohio, and Michigan – is located within the area covered by United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and appeals are taken to that court (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The United States District Court for the District of Tennessee was established with one judgeship on January 31, 1797, by 1 Stat. 496. The judgeship was filled by President George Washington's appointment of John McNairy. Since Congress failed to assign the district to a circuit, the court had the jurisdiction of both a district court and a circuit court. Appeals from this one district court went directly to the United States Supreme Court.

On February 13, 1801, in the famous "Midnight Judges" Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, Congress abolished the U.S. district court in Tennessee, and expanded the number of circuits to six, provided for independent circuit court judgeships, and abolished the necessity of Supreme Court Justices riding the circuits. It was this legislation which created the grandfather of the present Sixth Circuit. The act provided for a "Sixth Circuit" comprising two districts in the State of Tennessee, one district in the State of Kentucky and one district, called the Ohio District, composed of the Ohio and Indiana territories (the latter including the present State of Michigan). The new Sixth Circuit Court was to be held at "Bairdstown" in the District of Kentucky, at Knoxville in the District of East Tennessee, at Nashville in the District of West Tennessee, and at Cincinnati in the District of Ohio. Unlike the other circuits which were provided with three circuit judges, the Sixth Circuit was to have only one circuit judge with district judges from Kentucky and Tennessee comprising the rest of the court. Any two judges constituted a quorum. New circuit judgeships were to be created as district judgeships in Kentucky and Tennessee became vacant.

The repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132. The District was divided into the Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802. On February 24, 1807, Congress again abolished the two districts and created the United States Circuit for the District of Tennessee. On March 3, 1837, Congress assigned the judicial district of Tennessee to the Eighth Circuit. On June 18, 1839, by 5 Stat. 313, Congress divided Tennessee into three districts, Eastern, Middle, and Western. Again, only one judgeship was allotted for all three districts. On July 15, 1862, Congress reassigned appellate jurisdiction to the Sixth Circuit. Finally, on June 14, 1878, Congress authorized a separate judgeship for the Western District of Tennessee, at which time President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed David M. Key as judge for the Eastern and Middle Districts of Tennessee. The first judge to serve only the Eastern District of Tennessee was Robert Love Taylor, appointed by Harry S. Truman.

As of February 27, 2024:

#	Title	Judge	Duty station	Born	Term of service			Appointed by
					Active	Chief	Senior
25	Chief Judge	Travis R. McDonough	Chattanooga	1972	2015–present	2020–present	—	Obama
21	District Judge	Thomas A. Varlan	Knoxville	1956	2003–present	2012–2019	—	G.W. Bush
26	District Judge	Clifton L. Corker	Greeneville	1967	2019–present	—	—	Trump
27	District Judge	Charles E. Atchley Jr.	Chattanooga	1966	2020–present	—	—	Trump
28	District Judge	Katherine A. Crytzer	Knoxville	1984	2020–present	—	—	Trump
17	Senior Judge	Robert Allan Edgar	inactive	1940	1985–2005	1998–2005	2005–present	Reagan
19	Senior Judge	Curtis Lynn Collier	Chattanooga	1949	1995–2014	2005–2012	2014–present	Clinton
20	Senior Judge	Thomas W. Phillips	Knoxville	1943	2002–2013	—	2013–present	G.W. Bush
22	Senior Judge	J. Ronnie Greer	Greeneville	1952	2003–2018	—	2018–present	G.W. Bush

#	Judge	State	Born–died	Active service	Chief Judge	Senior status	Appointed by	Reason for termination
1	John McNairy	TN	1762–1837	1802–1833	—	—	Washington/Operation of law	resignation
2	Morgan Welles Brown	TN	1800–1853	1834–1853	—	—	Jackson	death
3	West Hughes Humphreys	TN	1806–1882	1853–1862	—	—	Pierce	impeachment and conviction
4	Connally Findlay Trigg	TN	1810–1880	1862–1880	—	—	Lincoln	death
5	David M. Key	TN	1824–1900	1880–1895	—	—	Hayes	retirement
6	Charles Dickens Clark	TN	1847–1908	1895–1908	—	—	Cleveland	death
7	Edward Terry Sanford	TN	1865–1930	1908–1923	—	—	T. Roosevelt	elevation to Supreme Court
8	Xenophon Hicks	TN	1872–1952	1923–1928	—	—	Harding	elevation to 6th Cir.
9	George Caldwell Taylor	TN	1885–1952	1928–1949	1948–1949	1949–1952	Coolidge	death
10	Leslie Rogers Darr	TN	1886–1967	1939–1961	1949–1961	1961–1967	F. Roosevelt	death
11	Robert Love Taylor	TN	1899–1987	1949–1984	1961–1969	1984–1987	Truman	death
12	Frank Wiley Wilson	TN	1917–1982	1961–1982	1969–1982	—	Kennedy	death
13	Charles Gelbert Neese	TN	1916–1989	1961–1982	—	1982–1989	Kennedy	death
14	Herbert Theodore Milburn	TN	1931–2016	1983–1984	1984	—	Reagan	elevation to 6th Cir.
15	Thomas Gray Hull	TN	1926–2008	1983–2002	1984–1991	2002–2008	Reagan	death
16	James Howard Jarvis II	TN	1937–2007	1984–2002	1991–1998	2002–2007	Reagan	death
18	Robert Leon Jordan	TN	1934–2024	1988–2001	—	2001–2024	Reagan	death
23	Harry Sandlin Mattice Jr.	TN	1954–present	2005–2020	—	2020–2021	G.W. Bush	retirement
24	Pamela L. Reeves	TN	1954–2020	2014–2020	2019–2020	—	Obama	death

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.

A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.

When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

• Courts of Tennessee
• List of current United States district judges
• List of United States federal courthouses in Tennessee

• United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee Official Website

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