El Lahun (Arabic: اللاهون El Lāhūn, Coptic: ⲗⲉϩⲱⲛⲉ alt. Illahun, Lahun, or Kahun, the latter being a neologism coined by archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie) is a town and pyramid complex in Faiyum, Egypt founded by Senusret II. The Pyramid of Senusret II (Greek: Sesostris II) is located near the modern town, and is often called the Pyramid of Lahun. The site was occupied during the Middle Kingdom into the late Thirteenth Dynasty, and then again in the New Kingdom. The ancient name of the site was rꜣ-ḥn.t, literally, "Mouth (or Opening) of the Canal". It was known as Ptolemais Hormos (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῒς ὅρμος, romanized: port of Ptolemy) in Ptolemaic Egypt. There are multiple areas at El Lahun including the Pyramid of Senwosret II, cemeteries, the Valley temple, and the town of Kahun. It contains many artifacts of daily life like pottery from the Middle Kingdom and evidence of administrative procedures seen on papyri and seals.

El Lahun was initially excavated by William Flinders Petrie in 1889-1890. He mapped the town of Kahun, located the pyramid's entrance, and found many objects of daily life and went back in 1920 to continue his work. His excavations uncovered pottery and other artifacts from the city Kom. Ludwig Borchardt had also worked there in 1899 recording the architecture in Kahun. Borchardt found 1000s of papyri related to the temple during his time at Lahun. From 1989 to 1997 Egyptologist Nicholas B. Millet worked there with the University of Toronto. The most current excavations and work at Lahun are being done by Zoltan Horvath and a Hungarian team.

Also found in the town were the Kahun papyri, comprising about 1000 fragments, covering legal, medical, religious, and astrological matters. Re-excavation of the area in 2009 by Egyptian archaeologists revealed a cache of pharaonic-era mummies in brightly painted wooden coffins in the sand-covered desert rock surrounding the pyramid.

The pyramid at Lahun is dedicated to King Senwosret II. It is located west of the town and the first entrance discovered was found on the south side farther away from the pyramid than expected. Like the other Twelfth Dynasty pyramids in the Faiyum, the Pyramid of Lahun is made of mudbrick, but here the core of the pyramid consists of a network of stone walls that were infilled by mudbrick. The pyramid stands on an artificial terrace cut from sloping ground. On the north side many mastabas were found, probably for the burial of personages associated with the royal court. In front of each mastaba is a narrow shaft leading down to the burial chamber underneath. Also on the north side is the Queen's Pyramid or subsidiary pyramid believed to have been for Queen Atmuneferu based on the inscription.

Within the pyramid complex multiple tombs were discovered by Petrie during his excavations. Those buried here were most likely family based on the names found in the tombs and the grave goods. One tomb with a large quantity of grave goods is that of princess Sithathor-yunit, the daughter of the Senwosret II. Artifacts found were a crown, pectorals, bracelets, necklaces, and cowries.

• Sithathor-yunet Jewelry
• 
  Pectoral of Sithathor-yunet, reign of Senwosret II. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
• 
  Crown of Sithathor-yunet

There have been many cemeteries found between the pyramid and the town. There appears to be a mixture of elite burials and pit burials depending on the cemetery. In the Bashkatib cemetery, there have been multiple types of burials found: open graves, shallow shaft tombs, stairway tombs, and deep shaft tombs. Abdel Rahman el-Aydi found four cemeteries with an Egyptian mission. They mostly date to the Middle Kingdom like the rest of the site, but there have been ones that date to the Roman period.

The Valley temple at Lahun is located slightly southwest of the town. The temple was most likely used for the royal mortuary cult of Senswosret II. It no longer exists as it lays under modern day cultivation. Originally, it would have been connected to the pyramid, but there is no evidence of a causeway connecting the two areas. There have also been papyri found associated with the temple and the mortuary cult and even a day-book where "letters to and from the mayor were copied". Other papyri at the temple included information about the cult of Anubis that was inside the temple and correspondence between the mayor and temple accountant. These recorded the inventory of the temple and what goods were required for it to operate.

The village of el Lahun, also known as Kahun, is believed to have been inhabited by the workers who both constructed the pyramid and then served the funerary cult of the king. The main function "has usually been linked to the funerary cult of Senwosret II – whose nearby pyramid complex has been understood as the main reason for its existence – housing administrators, as well as temple staff for the upkeep of his royal mortuary cult." The village is about 1.1 km from the pyramid and lies in the desert a short distance from the edge of cultivation. The town was orthogonally planned, with mudbrick town walls on three sides. The fourth wall may have collapsed and been washed away during the annual inundation or covered due to the cultivation in the area. The town was rectangular in shape and was divided internally by a mudbrick wall running north to south that was added after the initial eastern part of the town was built. This wall divided about one third of the area of the town and created a western section with rows of back-to-back, side-by-side single room houses. The eastern section of the town contains mansions, medium sized houses, and small houses similar to the ones in the western section. The mansions are located in the north part of the eastern section and there are seven in total with four along the northern wall and the other three across the street. The medium and small houses are located east and south of the mansions in the eastern section.

However, all the buildings found were demolished in the process of excavation, which proceeded in long strips down the length of the village. When the first strip had been cleared, mapped and drawn, the next strip was excavated and the spoil dumped in the previous strip. As a result, there is very little to be seen on the site today.

In Kahun there are three main types of houses found: mansions, medium size houses, and smaller homes. The mansions are about 2,700 m, medium are 100-168 m, and small houses are 50 m or smaller. The small and medium houses are in the western section, and south and east of the mansions. The houses located in the western section are smaller and much closer together than ones south and east of the mansions.

Multiple artifacts have been found in these houses. In the smaller houses papyri and copper tools have been found which can tell us a little about what the people who lived here did.

Mansions were significantly larger than the other houses that most of the workers and villagers lived in. Mansions also contained granaries on one side of the building that could hold enough grain for the entire town. They are located on the north edge of the town next to the northern wall. These mansions were also separated into smaller units within that may have housed the entire family, the staff, and administrative activities. There are also administrative sections in the mansions that contained seals and a few papyri detailing administrative duties and dealings as well as names of individuals.

A major feature of the town was the so-called "acropolis" building. The acropolis is roughly the same size as the other mansions at Lahun and is located at the end of the main street to the west. It is next to the four mansions on the north side. It was most likely made for the mayor based on the seals and seal impressions found. The platform the mudbrick building was built on was carved out of stone that already existed; it was only carved down to create the platform. It rests above the rest of the town on this platform.

The papyri have been found in multiple areas of Lahun and are on different topics: administrative dealings, the town, and the temple. They had to do with agriculture, temple proceedings, and town organization. Temple documents discuss the daily occurrences at the temple and important information about the temple. There were also census lists that listed the people who lived in the town including soldiers, servants, scribes, and members of certain households. Among the administrative papyri there were legal proceedings recorded including ones on debt. Petrie was the first to propose that the seals and papyri found in the town of Kahun were for administrative purposes which was later supported by other finds including those in 1899 by Ludwig Borchardt.

Many of these papyri also tell stories that were religious or literary. There were ones about the gods and their myths and tales that were found in other sites. Also, papyri dealing with the chronology of the Ancient Egyptian world have been found.

The seals were found in some buildings in the town. They were attached to "boxes, vases, and bags" and marked what they contained. They have the names of the people who owned the seals, or inscriptions to someone the object the seal was on was going to. The seals state who the person was and what their title was including high priest, citizen, or inspector. The town was not the only place seals were found. Some were discovered by Petrie in the pyramid, precincts, and other areas during excavations. These ones also had the names of the people and their titles on them.

• 
  Spouted jar, brown smooth pottery. From a box containing infant burial, with a lock of hair, shell, slip of wood, and beads. 12th Dynasty. From Lahun (Kahun), Faiyum, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
• 
  Dried date, peach, apricot, and stones. From Lahun, Fayum, Egypt. Late Middle Kingdom. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
• 
  A bag of white linen, unopened. Contains rolls of linen only. Foundation deposit, Heb Sed Chapel at Lahun, Fayum, Egypt. 12th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

It was announced by the Supreme Council of Antiquities on 26 April 2009 that an anthology of pharaonic-era mummies in vividly painted wooden coffins were uncovered near the Lahun pyramid in Egypt. The sarcophagi were decorated with bright hues of green, red and white bearing images of their occupants. Archaeologists unearthed dozens of mummies, thirty of which were very well preserved with prayers purposed to help the deceased in the afterlife inscribed upon them. The site, once enveloped in slabs of white limestone, revealed that it could possibly be thousands of years older than previously thought.

Experts think that a new understanding of Egyptian funerary architecture and customs of the Middle Kingdom all the way to the Roman era could be learned from the exploration of the dozens of tombs encompassing the site near the Lahun, Egypt’s southernmost pyramid. "The tombs were cut on the rock itself, and they vary in architectural designs," said archaeologist Abdel Rahman El-Aydi, head of excavations at the site. Some of the tombs were erected on top of gravesites from earlier eras. Ayedi told reporters: "The prevailing idea was that this site has been established by Senusret II, the fourth king of the 12th Dynasty. But in light of our discovery, I think we are going to change this theory, and soon we will announce another discovery." He said that teams had made a discovery of an artefact that was dated earlier than the 12th Dynasty, but did not include any specifics on the item and promised an official statement would be made within days.

Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities announced on 23 May 2010 that 57 ancient Egyptian tombs were discovered in an area close to Lahun. Most of the graves contained an ornamental painted wooden sarcophagus with a mummy inside. Some of the tombs date to the Egyptian First and Second dynasties, as far back as 2750 BC. Several of the sites were decorated with hieroglyphics that the ancients believed would help the deceased travel through the afterlife.

Twelve of the tombs were found to belong to the Eighteenth Dynasty, which ruled Egypt during the second millennium BC. Egyptologist Zahi Hawass said the mummies that date to the 18th Dynasty are covered in linen decorated with religious texts from the Book of the Dead and scenes of ancient Egyptian deities. The discovery might help experts have a better understanding of the ancient Egyptian religions. Some of the tombs are decorated with religious texts that ancient Egyptians believed would help the deceased cross over to the underworld, said Abdel Rahman El-Aydi, chief archaeologist of project. El-Aydi said one of the oldest tombs is almost completely intact, with all of its funerary equipment and a wooden sarcophagus containing a mummy wrapped in linen.

In 31 of the tombs, dating back to around 2030–1840 B.C., during the Middle Kingdom era, archaeologists found scenes of different ancient Egyptian deities such as Horus, Amun, Hathor, and Khnum decorated on the tombs.

• List of ancient Egyptian sites, including sites of temples

• G. Brunton: Lahun I: The Treasure (BSAE 27 en ERA 20 (1914)), London 1920.
• A.R. David: The Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce, London, Boston en Henley 1986.
• B. Gunn: The Name of the Pyramid-Town of Sesostris II, in JEA 31 (1945), p. 106-107.
• B. J. Kemp: Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, London 1989.
• W.M.F. Petrie, G. Brunton, M. A. Murray: Lahun II (BSAE 33 en ERA 26 (1920)), London 1923.
• W.M.F. Petrie, F. Ll. Griffith, P.E. Newberry: Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara, London 1890.
• W.M.F. Petrie: Illahun, Kahun, and Gurob, London 1891.
• S. Quirke: (ed.), Lahun Studies, New Malden 1998.
• S. Quirke: Lahun: A Town in Egypt 1800 BC, and the History of Its Landscape, London 2005.
• A. Scharff: Illahun und die mit Königsnamen des Mittleren Reiches gebildeten Ortsnamen, in ZÄS 59 (1924), p. 51-55.
• K. Szpakowska: Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Recreating Lahun, Malden, Oxford, Carlton 2008 ISBN 978-1-4051-1856-9
• H. E. Winlock: The Treasure of el Lahun, New York 1973.

Media related to El-Lahun at Wikimedia Commons

• Virtual Kahun
• www.redorbit.com