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21 Aug, 2019
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Evergreen Formation

The Evergreen Formation is a Pliensbachian to Toarcian geologic formation of the Surat Basin in New South Wales and Queensland, eastern Australia. Traditionally it has been considered to be a unit whose age has been calculated in between the Pliensbachian and Toarcian stages of the Early Jurassic, with some layers suggested to reach the Aalenian stage of the Middle Jurassic, yet modern data has found that an Early Pliensbachian to Latest Toarcian age is more possible. The formation was named due to the "Evergreen Shales", defined with a lower unit, the Boxvale Sandstone, and a partially coeval, partially younger upper unit, the Westgrove Ironstone Member. This unit overlies the Hettangian-Sinemurian Precipice Sandstone, as well several informal units such as the Nogo Beds, and Narayen beds, as well Torsdale Volcanics. This unit likely was deposited in a massive lacustrine body with possible marine environment influences.

Fossil content

Indeterminate Unionoid bivalves are know from the Kolane Station.

Ichnofossils

Genus	Species	Type	Location	Material	Origin	Notes	Images
Asterosoma	Asterosoma isp.	Fodinichnia	Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Moonie 34 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Radiating bulb-like swelling burrows	Annelid worm, vermiform organism	Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils
Conichnus	Conichnus isp.	Domichnia Cubichnia		trails	Gastropods	Freshwater/Blackish fillings-like ichnofossils
Cylindrichnus	Cylindrichnus isp.	Domichnia		Long, subconical, weakly curved burrows	Anemones Polychaete worms	Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils
Diplocraterion	Diplocraterion parallelum	Domichnia		U-shaped burrows	Polychaeta annelids (Axiothella, Abarenicola and Scolecolepis) Sipunculans (Sipunculus) Enteropneustans (Balanoglossus) Echiurans (Urechis).	Marine-Mangroove Vertical, U-shaped, single-spreite Burrows; unidirectional or bidirectional spreite, generally continuous, rarely discontinuous. Most Diplocraterion show only protrusive spreiten, like the local ones, produced under predominantly erosive conditions where the organism was constantly burrowing deeper into the substrate as sediment was eroded from the top.	Diplocraterion parallelum diagram
Helminthopsis	Helminthopsis isp.	Fodinichnia		Simple, unbranched, horizontal cylinder traces	Polychaetes Priapulids	Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils.	Example of Helminthopsis fossil
Lockeia	Lockeia amygdaloides Lockeia isp.	Cubichnia Domichnia		Dwelling traces	Bivalves	Marine, brackish or freshwater resting traces of Bivalves.
Naktodemasis	Naktodemasis isp.	Fodinichnia		Straight to sinuous, unlined and unbranched burrows	Soil bugs Cicada nymphs Scarabaeid beetle larvae	Freshwater/Terrestrial burrow-like ichnofossils.
Palaeophycus	Palaeophycus tubularis	Domichnia		Straight or gently curved tubular burrows.	Polychaetes Semiaquatic Insects (Orthoptera and Hemiptera) Semiaquatic and non-aquatic Beetles.	Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils.	Example of Palaeophycus fossil
Phycosiphon	Phycosiphon isp.	Fodinichnia		Irregularly meandering burrows	Vermiform Animals	Freshwater burrow-like ichnofossils.
Planolites	Planolites montanus Planolites beverleyensis Planolites isp.	Pascichnia		Cylindrical or elliptical curved/tortuous trace fossils	Polychaetes Insects	Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Planolites is really common in all types of the Ciechocinek Formation deposits. It is referred to vermiform deposit-feeders, mainly Polychaetes, producing active Fodinichnia. It is controversial, since is considered a strictly a junior synonym of Palaeophycus.	Example of Planolites fossil
Scolicia	Scolicia isp.	Cubichnia		Symmetrical trail or burrow	Gastropods	Freshwater/Blackish trail-like ichnofossils	Scolicia trails
Skolithos	Skolithos isp.	Domichnia		Cylindrical strands with branches	Polychaetes Phoronidans	Blackish trace ichnofossils. Interpreted as dwelling structures of vermiform animals, more concretely the Domichnion of a suspension-feeding Worm or Phoronidan.
Siphonichnus	Siphonichnus ophthalmoides	Domichnia		Cylindrical strands with branches	Polychaetes Phoronidans	Blackish trace ichnofossils. Interpreted as dwelling structures of vermiform animals, more concretely the Domichnion of a suspension-feeding Worm or Phoronidan.
Taenidium	Taenidium serpentinum Taenidium isp.	Fodinichnia		Unlined meniscate burrows	Deposit-feeding Sipuncula Polychaetes Phoronidans	Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Taenidium is a meniscate backfill structure, usually considered to be produced by an animal progressing axially through the sediment and depositing alternating packets of differently constituted sediment behind it as it moves forward.
Thalassinoides	Thalassinoides isp.	Tubular Fodinichnia		Tubular Burrows	Thalassinidea Several Crustaceans (Anomura, Decapoda) Annelids (Polychaeta Sipuncula Dipnoi	Burrow-like ichnofossils. Large burrow-systems consisting of smooth-walled, essentially cylindrical components. Common sedimentary features are Thalassinoides trace fossils in the fissile marlstone to claystone intervals	Thalassinoides burrowing structures, with modern related fauna, showing the ecological convergence and the variety of animals that left this Ichnogenus.
Teichichnus	Teichichnus isp.	Fodinichnia		Vertical to oblique, unbranched or branched, elongated to arcuate spreite burrow	Polychaetes Dwelling Echiurans Dwelling Holothurians.	Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. The overall morphology and details of the burrows, in comparison with modern analogues and neoichnological experiments, suggest Echiurans (spoon worms) or Holothurians (sea cucumbers) with a combined suspension- and deposit-feeding behaviour as potential producers.	Teichichnus burrows

Diplopoda

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Decorotergum	Decorotergum warrenae	Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom	Westgrove Ironstone Member	Incomplete specimens: QMF12294, QMF12295 and one small fragment of a third specimen, QMF12296	A millipede whose affinities are controversial. It may be an Oniscomorpha of the order Amynilyspedida family Amynilyspedidae or a member of the order Polydesmida	Extant example of the order Amynilyspedida, Glomeris

Vertebrata

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Plesiosauria	Indeterminate	Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom	Westgrove Ironstone Member	QM F10440, Limb, girdle and vertebral fragments from a single skeleton QM F10441, partial skeleton	A Freshwater Plesiosaur with affinities with Pliosauridae and Neoplesiosauria
Siderops	Siderops kehli	Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom	Westgrove Ironstone Member	QM F7822, nearly complete skull with mandible and postcrania	A gigantic chigutisaurid temnospondyl, representing a relictual genus isolated in the Australian Ecoregion, as well one of the largest Mesozoic amphibians	Restoration of Siderops kehli

Phytoplankton

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Chomotriletes	Chomotriletes triangularis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Zygnemataceae. A genus derived from freshwater filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate (unbranched) green algae.

Bryophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anapiculatisporites	Anapiculatisporites dawsonensis Anapiculatisporites pristidentatus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.
Cingutriletes	Cingutriletes clavus Circulisporites parvus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.
Distalanulisporites	Distalanulisporites punctus Distalanulisporites verrucosus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.
Foraminisporis	Foraminisporis spp.	Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae in the Anthocerotopsida.
Nevesisporites	Nevesisporites vallatus	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta. This spore is found in Jurassic sediments associated with the polar regions.
Polycingulatisporites	Polycingulatisporites crenulatus Polycingulatisporites densatus Polycingulatisporites mooniensis Polycingulatisporites triangularis Polypodiaceoisporites tortuosus	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae in the Anthocerotopsida. Hornwort spores.	Extant Notothylas specimens
Rogalskaisporites	Rogalskaisporites cicatricosus Rogalskaisporites multicicatricosus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.
Stereisporites	Stereisporites antiquasporites Stereisporites radiatus	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida. "Peat moss" spores, related to genera such as Sphagnum that can store large amounts of water.	Extant Sphagnum specimens
Staplinisporites	Staplinisporites caminus Staplinisporites manifestus Staplinisporites pocockii	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Encalyptaceae in the Bryopsida. Branching moss spores, indicating high water-depleting environments.	Extant Encalypta specimens; Staplinisporites probably come from similar genera

Lycophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Antulsporites	Antulsporites granulatus Antulsporites saevus Antulsporites varigranulatus Antulsporites spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Apiculatisporis	Apiculatisporis spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida
Cadargasporites	Cadargasporites baculatus Cadargasporites granulatus Cadargasporites reticulatus	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida. Herbaceous lycophyte flora, similar to ferns, found in humid settings. This family of spores are also the most diverse in the formation.	Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae
Camarozonosporites	Camarozonosporites clivosus Camarozonosporites ramosus Camarozonosporites rudis Camarozonosporites spp.	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.
Lycopodiumsporites	Lycopodiumsporites austroclavatidites Lycopodiumsporites circolumenus Lycopodiumsporites rosewoodensis Lycopodiumsporites semimuris Lycopodiumsporites triangularis	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.	Extant Lycopodium specimens
Neoraistrickia	Neoraistrickia elongata Neoraistrickia suratensis Neoraistrickia truncata Neoraistrickia spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Punctatosporites	Punctatosporites walkomii	Boxvale Area	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida.
Retitriletes	Retitriletes austroclavatidites Retitriletes huttonensis Retitriletes rosewoodensis Retitriletes semimurus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Lycopodiumsporites	Sestrosporites pseudoalveolatus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.
Uvaesporites	Uvaesporites verrucosus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.

Pteridophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Annulispora	Annulispora altmarkensis Annulispora badia Annulispora densata Annulispora folliculosa Annulispora microannulata Annulispora radiata Annulispora triangularis Annulispora spp.	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the genus Saccoloma, type representative of the family Saccolomataceae. This fern spore resembles those of the living genus Saccoloma, being probably from a pantropical genus found in wet, shaded forest areas.	Extant Saccoloma specimens; Annulispora probably comes from similar genera or maybe a species in the genus
Baculatisporites	Baculatisporites comaumensis	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.	Extant Osmunda specimens; Baculatisporites and Todisporites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus
Biretisporites	Biretisporites modestus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Marattiaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.
Cingulatisporites	Cingulatisporites caminus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Clavatisporites	Clavatisporites hammenii	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Cyathidites	Cyathidites australis Cyathidites minor	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae in the Cyatheales. Arboreal fern spores.	Extant Cyathea
Dictyophyllidites	Dictyophyllidites mortoni	Boxvale area	Spores	Affinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Dictyophyllidites	Dictyophyllidites mortoni	Boxvale area	Spores	Affinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Duplexisporites	Duplexisporites problematicus Duplexisporites spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Foveosporites	Foveosporites moretonensis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Gleicheniidites	Gleicheniidites senonicus Gleicheniidites spp.	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Gleicheniales in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.	Extant Gleichenia specimens; Gleicheniidites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species in the genus
Granulatisporites	Granulatisporites spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Pteridaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Forest ferns from humid ground locations.	Extant Pityrogramma specimens
Heliosporites	Heliosporites spp	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Ischyosporites	Ischyosporites marburgensis Ischyosporites surangulus	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Leiotriletes	Leiotriletes directus Leiotriletes magnus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Leptolepidites	Leptolepidites major Leptolepidites verrucatus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.	Extant Dennstaedtia specimens; Leptolepidites probably comes from similar genera
Matonisporites	Matonisporites spp	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Osmundacidites	Osmundacidites wellmanii	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.
Peroaletes	Peroaletes rugosus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Perotrilites	Perotrilites tenuis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Polypodiisporites	Polypodiisporites ipsviciensis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.
Rugulatisporites	Rugulatisporites ramosus Rugulatisporites spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.

Peltaspermales

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Alisporites	Alisporites australis Alisporites lowoodensis Alisporites similis	Boxvale Area	Pollen	Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae in the Peltaspermales. Pollen of uncertain provenance that can be derived from any of the members of the Peltaspermales. The lack of distinctive characters and poor conservation make this pollen difficult to classify. Arboreal to arbustive seed ferns.
Kekryphalospora	Kekryphalospora distincta	Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae in the Peltaspermales. Extremely abundant
Vitreisporites	Vitreisporites contectus Vitreisporites pallidus	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	From the family Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales. Caytoniaceae are a complex group of Mesozoic fossil floras that may be related to both Peltaspermales and Ginkgoaceae.

Cycadophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Cycadopites	Cycadopites crassimarginis Cycadopites granulatus Cycadopites infirmus Cycadopites nitidus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cycadaceae in the Cycadales or with Cycadaceae and Bennettitaceae. It has been found associated with the Bennetite pollen cone Bennettistemon	Extant Cycas platyphylla

Conifers

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Araucariacites	Araucariacites australis Araucariacites fissus	Chinchilla 4 Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.	Extant Araucaria. Callialasporites may come from a related plant
Callialasporites	Callialasporites dampierii Callialasporites turbatus	Chinchilla 4 Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.
Classopollis	Classopollis classoides Classopollis meyeriana Classopollis simplex Classopollis spp.	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.
Inaperturopollenites	Inaperturopollenites turbatus Inaperturopollenites spp.	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the Pinidae inside Coniferae.	Extant Pinus cembra Cone, example of the Pinidae. Inaperturopollenites is similar to the pollen found on this genus
Indusiisporites	Indusiisporites parvisaccatus	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae inside Coniferae.
Perinopollenites	Perinopollenites elatoides	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cupressaceae in the Pinopsida. Pollen that resembles that of extant genera such as the genus Actinostrobus and Austrocedrus, probably derived from dry environments.	Extant Austrocedrus
Podocarpidites	Podocarpidites ellipticus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Pollen from diverse types of Podocarpaceous conifers, that include morphotypes similar to the low arbustive Microcachrys and the medium arbustive Lepidothamnus, likely linked with Upland settings	Extant Microcachrys
Podosporites	Podosporites spp.	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.
Trisaccites	Trisaccites variabilis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.
Zonalapollenites	Zonalapollenites dampieri Zonalapollenites segmentatus Zonalapollenites trilobatus	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Pinaceae in the Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.	Extant Picea.