Fatima Sheikh was a 19th century Indian educator and social reformer, who was a colleague of the social reformers Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule. Sheikh is widely regarded as India's first Muslim woman teacher and is remembered for her role in educating and empowering women and marginalized communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Fatima Sheikh was the sister of Mian Usman Sheikh, a resident of Pune in the neighbourhood of Ganjpeth, who was also a friend of Jyotiba Phule. According to Nasreen Sayyed, author of a book on Fatima Sheikh, Sheikh was already literate and Usman encouraged her to receive teacher training, adding that "She went along with Savitribai [Phule] to the Normal School and they both graduated together. She was the first Muslim woman teacher of India."

Sheikh and Savitribai subsequently received teacher training from Cynthia Farrar, an American missionary in Ahmednagar. They established their first girls' school in a portion of Usman Sheikh's house in 1848, under the name "Indigenous Library". It was a revolutionary project since in the social milieu of those times, girls were not allowed to receive public education. The two teachers had to go house to house to promote their school and to persuade parents to send their children there.

The Phules faced resistance from Jyotiba's parents for their social work, and had to leave the ancestral home. They went to live with Usman Sheikh, and stayed there till 1856.

Fatima Sheikh taught alongside Savitribai Phule at two schools established by the Phules in July 1851, with financial support from Thomas Erskine Perry. These "Native Female Schools" educated girls from diverse caste backgrounds, teaching the more advanced students a broad curriculum including history, geography, arithmetic, and socio-economic issues. According to Jana Tschurenev, "Savitribai and Fatima Sheikh were the first Indian women teachers outside the domain of missionary supervision." Their work helped pave the way for other women to enter teaching in India and the success of the schools contributed to future government support of female education in India.

In 2014, the state of Maharashtra included a brief profile of Fatima Sheikh in Urdu language textbooks.

Many people regard 9 January as the date of her birth, using it for remembrance. On 9 January 2022, Google commemorated Sheikh with a Google Doodle marking what it referred to as her 191st birth anniversary, describing her as being "widely considered to be India's first Muslim woman teacher". However, Reeta Ramamurthy Gupta, author of a 2023 biography of Savitribai Phule, later commented for a 2025 ThePrint article that "there is no evidence to suggest that she was born on the 9th of January".

In 2022, the Andhra Pradesh government introduced Sheikh into its textbooks. Reading circles were set up in her name and a library at Shaheen Bagh protest site was named after her and Savitribai.