The Fernheim Colony is a Plautdietsch-speaking settlement of Mennonites originally from Russia of about 5000 in the Chaco of Paraguay. Mennonites from the Soviet Union founded it between 1930 and 1932. Filadelfia is the administrative center of the colony, seat of Boquerón department and is considered the 'Capital of the Chaco'.

In the late 1920s, some Mennonite refugees tried to escape persecution of "Kulaks" in Stalinist Russia, which meant the total destruction of the Mennonite religious and cultural life. They left their home villages and gathered in Moscow. For humanitarian reasons they were admitted into Germany, because of their German ethnicity that they had adopted during their 200- to 250-year stay in German-speaking lands, even though most of their ancestors came from Flanders and Frisia. Because there was no place in Germany where they could settle together as a community, they moved to Paraguay a year later. There already was a large settlement of Mennonites with the same Russian Mennonite background in Paraguay: Menno Colony. This first Mennonite settlement in the Chaco was founded by conservative Chortitza, Sommerfeld and Bergthal Mennonites from Canada in the 1920s. The Mennonite refugees from the Soviet Union settled nearby, founding Fernheim Colony.

The journey to Paraguay was extremely difficult. Their destination, set aside by Paraguayan government decree, was completely undeveloped. Travel was exhausting: a steamboat was taken up the Paraguay River to Puerto Casado, from where a narrow gauge railway went 150 kilometres (93 mi) west into the Chaco bush. From there it was a few more long days of travel by oxcart to their settlement area. It was not until 1956 that the construction of the trans-Chaco highway connecting Asunción to Filadelfia was started.

The economic base of Fernheim is agriculture and processing of agricultural products. The most important products are cotton, peanuts, beef, milk and dairy products.

Fernheim is the second Mennonite colony in Paraguay, after Menno Colony.

• Mennonites in Paraguay

• Heinrich Duerksen (Hrsg.): 50 Jahre Kolonie Fernheim. Ein Beitrag in der Entwicklung Paraguays, Filadelfia, Kolonie Fernheim, 1980
• Kai Rohkohl: Die plautdietsche Sprachinsel Fernheim, Chaco (Paraguay), Elwert, Marburg, 1993, ISBN 3-7708-1020-1

• Filadelfia (Fernheim Colony, Boquerón Department, Paraguay) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

22°20′24″S 60°01′48″W / 22.34000°S 60.03000°W / -22.34000; -60.03000