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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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File:Comet ISON (C-2012 S1) By TRAPPIST On 2013-11-15.jpg

TRAPPIST has been monitoring comet ISON since mid-October, using broad-band filters like those used in this image. It has also been using special narrow-band filters which isolate the emission of various gases, allowing astronomers to count how many molecules of each type are released by the comet.

Comet ISON was fairly quiet until 1 November 2013, when a first outburst doubled the amount of gas emitted by the comet. On 13 November, just before this image was taken, a second giant outburst shook the comet, increasing its activity by a factor of ten. It is now bright enough to be seen with a good pair of binoculars from a dark site, in the morning skies towards the East. Over the past couple of nights, the comet has stabilised at its new level of activity.

These outbursts were caused by the intense heat of the Sun reaching ice in the tiny nucleus of the comet as it zooms toward the Sun, causing the ice to sublimate and throwing large amounts of dust and gas into space. By the time ISON makes its closest approach to the Sun on 28 November (at only 1.2 million kilometres from its surface — just a little less than the diameter of the Sun!), the heat will cause even more ice to sublimate. However, it could also break the whole nucleus down into small fragments, which would completely evaporate by the time the comet moves away from the Sun's intense heat. If ISON survives its passage near the Sun, it could then become spectacularly bright in the morning sky.

The image is a composite of four different 30-second exposures through blue, green, red, and near-infrared filters. As the comet moved in front of the background stars, these appear as multiple coloured dots.

TRAPPIST (TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South) is devoted to the study of planetary systems through two approaches: the detection and characterisation of planets located outside the Solar System (exoplanets), and the study of comets orbiting around the Sun. The 60-cm national telescope is operated from a control room in Liège, Belgium, 12 000 km away.
Polski: Nowe zdjęcie komety C/2012 S1 (ISON) zostało wykonane rano w piątek 15 listopada 2013 r. za pomocą teleskopu TRAPPIST w Obserwatorium ESO La Silla. Kometę ISON po raz pierwszy można było dostrzec na niebie we wrześniu 2012 r. Najbliżej Słońca znajdzie się pod koniec listopada 2013 r.

TRAPPIST monitoruje kometę ISON od połowy października, wykorzystując szerokopasmowe filtry, takie jak użyte do niniejszego zdjęcia. Dodatkowo używa specjalnego filtru wąskopasmowego, który izoluje emisje poszczególnych gazów, pozwalając astronomom na określenie jak wiele cząsteczek danego typu jest uwalnianych z komety.

Kometa ISON była dość spokojna do 1 listopada 2013 r., kiedy to pierwszy rozbłysk podwoił ilość gazu emitowanego przez kometę. 13 listopada, na krótko przed wykonaniem niniejszego zdjęcia, drugi, wielki rozbłysk wstrząsnął kometą, zwiększając jej aktywność o czynnik dziesięć. Jest teraz wystarczająco jasna, aby zobaczyć ją w ciemnym miejscu za pomocą dobrej lornetki, na porannym niebie, po stronie wschodniej. W ciągu ostatnich kilku nocy kometa ustabilizowała swój nowy poziom aktywności.

Wybuchy zostały spowodowane intensywnym ogrzewaniem od Słońca, które docierało do lodu w niewielkim jądrze komety, w miarę jej zbliżania się do Słońca. Powodowało to sublimację lodu i wyrzucanie dużych ilości gazu i pyłu w przestrzeń kosmiczną. W momencie gdy ISON najbardziej zbliży się do Słońca w rniu 28 listopada (na odległość zaledwie 1,2 miliona kilometrów od powierzchni naszej gwiazdy - niewiele mniej niż średnica Słońca!), ciepło spowoduje jeszcze większą sublimację lodu. Może to spowodować rozpad całego jądra na mniejsze fragmenty, które potem całkowicie wyparują gdy kometa będzie już oddalać się od słonecznego ciepła. Jeżeli ISON przetrwa przejście w pobliżu Słońca, może być spektakularnie jasna na porannym niebie.

Zdjęcie zostało złożone z czterech różnych 30-sekundowych ekspozycji w filtrach niebieskim, zielony, czerwonym i bliskiej podczerwieni. Ponieważ kometa porusza się na tle gwiazd, wydaje się zbiorem wielokolorowych plam.

TRAPPIST (TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South) jest przeznaczony do badania układów planetarnych za pomocą dwóch metod: wykrywania i poznawania charakterystyk planet położonych poza Układem Słonecznym (egzoplanet) oraz badania komet okrążających Słońce. Ten 60-cm teleskop narodowy jest zarządzany ze sterowni w Liège w Belgii, z odległości 12 000 km.
Íslenska: Þessi nýja mynd af halastjörnunni C/2012 S1 (ISON) var tekin með TRAPPIST sjónaukanum í La Silla stjörnustöð ESO, föstudagsmorguninn 15. nóvember 2013. Halastjarnan ISON fannst í september 2012 og kemst næst sólinni í lok nóvember 2013.

TRAPPIST hefur fylgst með halastjörnunni ISON frá því um miðjan október á þessu ári, með víðbandsljóssíum eins og þeim sem notaðar voru í þessari myndatöku. Sjónaukinn hefur líka notað sérstakar mjóbandssíur sem einangra ljós frá ýmsum gastegundum, en það gerir stjörnufræðingum kleift að telja hversu margar gassameindir losna frá halastjörnunni.

Halastjarnan ISON var fremur kyrrlát þar til 1. nóvember 2013, þegar fyrsta hviðan varð sem tvöfaldaði gasútstreymið frá henni. Þann 13. nóvember, skömmu áður en myndin var tekin, skók önnur stór hviða halastjörnuna og tífaldaði virknina. Nú er halastjarnan nógu björt til að sjást vel með handsjónauka þar sem aðstður leyfa á morgunhimninum í austri. Undanfarnar nætur hefur virknin verið stöðug.

Hviðurnar verða til þegar sólin hitar upp ísinn í smáum kjarna halastjörnunnar þegar hún þýtur í átt að sólu. Hitinn veldur því að ísinn þurrgufar svo halastjarnan varpar miklu magni gass og ryks út í geiminn. Um það leyti sem ISON verður næst sólu þann 29. nóvember (þá í aðeins 1,2 milljón kílómetra hæð — örlítið minna en þvermál sólar!), mun hitinn valda enn frekari uppgufun íss. Um leið gæti kjarninn líka sundrast og sólin þá nánast gereyða henni áður en hún færist frá sólu aftur. Standist ISON af sér ferðalagið framhjá sólinni, gæti hún orðið mjög björt á morgunhimninum.

Myndin er sett saman úr fjórum 30 sekúndna myndum sem teknar voru í gegnum bláar, grænar, rauðar og og nær-innrauðar síur. Halastjarnan færðist miðað við stjörnurnar í bakgrunni þegar myndirnar voru teknar, svo stjörnurnar birtast okkur sem marglita punktar.

TRAPPIST (TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South) er helgaður rannsóknum á sólkerfum með tvenns konar hætti. Hann á annars vegar að finna reikistjörnur utan okkar sólkerfis (fjarreikistjörnur) og rannsaka halastjörnur í okkar eigin sólkerfi. Þessum 60 cm þjóðarsjónauka er stýrt frá Liège í Belgíu, 12.000 km í burtu.
Date Source http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1346a/ Author TRAPPIST/E. Jehin/ESO

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