Works Cited:

• Le Strange, Guy. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905.
• Popovic, Alexandre. The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq, in the 3rd/9th Century. Trans. Léon King. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1999. ISBN 1-55876-162-4
• Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of al-Tabari, Volume XXXV: The Crisis of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. By al-Tabari. Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87395-883-7
• -------The History of al-Tabari, Volume XXXVI: The Revolt of the Zanj. Trans. David Waines. Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7914-0764-0
• -------The History of al-Tabari, Volume XXXVII: The 'Abbasid Recovery. Trans. Philip M. Fields. Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985. ISBN 0-88706-054-4