File:St Peters Mission Layout - Near Cascade Montana - C 1907.png
The mission was established at its final location on Birch Creek by priests belonging to the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1881. The first building constructed was the chapel, which was expanded later that year. One-room log cabin residences were built adjacent to the expansion. In 1882, these log cabins were moved to make room for a one-story dormitory. Ursuline nuns joined the mission in 1884, and in 1887 the Jesuits built a four-story stone boys' school and dormitory and a three-story wooden priests' residence. A donation from a wealthy benefactor allowed the Ursulines to begin construction on a four-story stone girls' school and convent, which was occupied in 1892. The Ursulines constructed an L-shaped, two-story, wooden "opera house" in 1896. By 1907, the mission also included a barn, corral, laundry, and workers' housing.
The boys' school/dormitory, priests' residence, one-story addition to the chapel, and several outbuildings burned to the ground in January 1908. The Ursuline convent/girls' school burned to the ground in November 1918, after which the mission was abandoned.
St. Peter's Mission hosted a U.S. post office from 1885 to 1938.