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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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Formula One Grands Prix

Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing series managed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name alludes to a series of FIA rules to which all participants and vehicles are required to conform. The Formula One World Championship season consists of a series of races around the world, known as Grands Prix, usually held on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets. Each Grand Prix meeting lasts three days with either one or three practice sessions before a three-part qualifying session on Saturday to set the starting order for Sunday's race. A Saturday sprint is held at select events, with the starting grid determined by a separate, shorter qualifying session held on Friday. Grands Prix are frequently named after the country, region or city in which they are raced, and in some seasons, nations have hosted more than one event. Should Formula One hold two or more races in the same nation in the same year, on either a different or the same track, then their names will be different. The results of each Grand Prix held throughout the season are combined to decide two annual championships, one for drivers and one for constructors.

Grand Prix distance regulations have varied throughout Formula One history. Between 1950 and 1957, events ran for more than 300 km (190 mi) or three hours. In 1958, race lengths were set between 300 and 500 km (190 and 310 mi) or two hours. It was reduced to between 300 and 400 km (190 and 250 mi) from 1966 with an established maximum length of 321.87 km (200.00 mi) in 1971. From 1973 to 1980, races had to last either 321.87 km (200.00 mi) or two hours, whichever came first. Distances of between 250 and 320 km (160 and 200 mi) or two hours were used from 1981 to 1984. The minimum distance was revised to 300 km (190 mi) including the formation lap in 1984 and the maximum length was standardised at 305 km (190 mi) in 1989. The exception to the rule is the Monaco Grand Prix, which has a scheduled length of at least 260 km (160 mi). No race can last more than two hours if it goes unhalted. From 2012, the maximum permitted race time including probable stoppages was four hours, before being reduced to three hours for 2021.

The British Grand Prix and Italian Grand Prix are the most frequently held events in the Formula One World Championship with 75 editions each since the races first formed a part of the series in 1950, followed by the Monaco Grand Prix which has been held 70 times, all on the same course, the Circuit de Monaco. Italy's Monza Circuit has hosted the most Grands Prix on any circuit with 74. The Circuit de Monaco is second with 70 events and the Silverstone Circuit in the United Kingdom is third with 59 races. Austria, Bahrain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States have all held two Grands Prix in various seasons; the United States (1982 and 2023) and Italy (2020) are the only countries to have hosted three races during a season. Italy has held the most Grands Prix with 107 since its first in 1950. Only Morocco has staged just one Grand Prix. The most recent addition was the Las Vegas Grand Prix in 2023.

A map of the world showing the locations of the countries to host a Grand Prix
Locations of the countries that have hosted a Grand Prix. Nations on a current schedule are highlighted in green, with circuit locations marked in black. Former host nations are shown in dark grey. Former host circuits are marked with a white dot. De facto status of territories is shown.

As of the 2024 São Paulo Grand Prix, 1,122 World Championship events have been held over 75 seasons in 34 countries and under 54 race titles at 77 racing circuits. These figures include the Indianapolis 500 races which were a part of the World Championships from 1950 until 1960 despite not being named a Grand Prix. The 1950 British Grand Prix was the first Formula One World Championship Grand Prix. Not included in this list are non-championship Grands Prix held to Formula One regulations from 1946 to 1983 and as part of each of the British Formula One Championship and the South African Formula One Championship.

Active and past races

Key
* Current Grands Prix (for the 2024 season)

By race title

Races have been held under 54 race titles as of the 2024 São Paulo Grand Prix.

Formula One Grands Prix by race title
Race title Country Years held Circuits Total
70th Anniversary Grand Prix  United Kingdom 2020 1 1
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix*  United Arab Emirates 20092023 1 15
Argentine Grand Prix  Argentina 19531958, 1960, 19721975, 19771981, 19951998 1 20
Australian Grand Prix*  Australia 19852019, 20222024 2 38
Austrian Grand Prix*  Austria 1964, 19701987, 19972003, 20142024 2 37
Azerbaijan Grand Prix*  Azerbaijan 20172019, 20212024 1 7
Bahrain Grand Prix*  Bahrain 20042010, 20122024 1 20
Belgian Grand Prix*  Belgium 19501956, 1958, 19601968, 1970, 19722002, 20042005, 20072024 3 69
Brazilian Grand Prix  Brazil 19732019 2 47
British Grand Prix*  United Kingdom 19502024 3 75
Caesars Palace Grand Prix  United States 19811982 1 2
Canadian Grand Prix*  Canada 19671974, 19761986, 19882008, 20102019, 20222024 3 53
Chinese Grand Prix*  China 20042019, 2024 1 17
Dallas Grand Prix  United States 1984 1 1
Detroit Grand Prix  United States 19821988 1 7
Dutch Grand Prix*  Netherlands 19521953, 1955, 19581971, 19731985, 20212024 1 34
Eifel Grand Prix  Germany 2020 1 1
Emilia Romagna Grand Prix*  Italy 20202022, 2024 1 4
European Grand Prix  United Kingdom
 Germany
 Spain
 Azerbaijan
19831985, 19931997, 19992012, 2016 6 23
French Grand Prix  France 19501954, 19562008, 20182019, 20212022 7 62
German Grand Prix  Germany 19511954, 19561959, 19612006, 20082014, 2016, 20182019 3 64
Hungarian Grand Prix*  Hungary 19862024 1 39
Indian Grand Prix  India 20112013 1 3
Indianapolis 500  United States 19501960 1 11
Italian Grand Prix*  Italy 19502024 2 75
Japanese Grand Prix*  Japan 19761977, 19872019, 20222024 2 38
Korean Grand Prix  South Korea 20102013 1 4
Las Vegas Grand Prix*  United States 2023 1 1
Luxembourg Grand Prix  Germany 19971998 1 2
Malaysian Grand Prix  Malaysia 19992017 1 19
Mexican Grand Prix  Mexico 19631970, 19861992, 20152019 1 20
Mexico City Grand Prix*  Mexico 20212024 1 4
Miami Grand Prix*  United States 20222024 1 3
Monaco Grand Prix*  Monaco 1950, 19552019, 20212024 1 70
Moroccan Grand Prix  Morocco 1958 1 1
Pacific Grand Prix  Japan 19941995 1 2
Pescara Grand Prix  Italy 1957 1 1
Portuguese Grand Prix  Portugal 19581960, 19841996, 20202021 4 18
Qatar Grand Prix*  Qatar 2021, 2023 1 2
Russian Grand Prix  Russia 20142021 1 8
Sakhir Grand Prix  Bahrain 2020 1 1
San Marino Grand Prix  Italy 19812006 1 26
São Paulo Grand Prix*  Brazil 20212024 1 4
Saudi Arabian Grand Prix*  Saudi Arabia 20212024 1 4
Singapore Grand Prix*  Singapore 20082019, 20222024 1 15
South African Grand Prix  South Africa 19621963, 1965, 19671980, 19821985, 19921993 2 23
Spanish Grand Prix*  Spain 1951, 1954, 19681979, 1981, 19862024 5 54
Styrian Grand Prix  Austria 20202021 1 2
Swedish Grand Prix  Sweden 19731978 1 6
Swiss Grand Prix   Switzerland
 France
19501954, 1982 2 6
Turkish Grand Prix  Turkey 20052011, 20202021 1 9
Tuscan Grand Prix  Italy 2020 1 1
United States Grand Prix*  United States 19591980, 19891991, 20002007, 20122019, 20212024 6 45
United States Grand Prix West  United States 19761983 1 8

By host nation

A map of the world showing countries that have held a Grand Prix in varying colours from airy green to black.
This map shows the number of Formula One World Championship races hosted by country. Colours ranging from airy green to black denote the number of Grands Prix a country has hosted. De facto status of territories is shown.

There have been 34 countries that have hosted a Formula One World Championship race, as of the 2024 São Paulo Grand Prix.

Formula One Grands Prix by host nation
Country Races held Total Circuits
 Argentina Argentine Grand Prix (1953–1958, 1960, 1972–1975, 1977–1981, 1995–1998) 20 1
 Australia* Australian Grand Prix (1985–2019, 2022–2024)* 38 2
 Austria* Austrian Grand Prix: 37 (1964, 1970–1987, 1997–2003, 2014–2024)*

Styrian Grand Prix: 2 (2020–2021)

39 2
 Azerbaijan* European Grand Prix: 1 (2016)

Azerbaijan Grand Prix: 7 (2017–2019, 2021–2024)*

8 1
 Bahrain* Bahrain Grand Prix: 20 (2004–2010, 2012–2024)*

Sakhir Grand Prix: 1 (2020)

21 1
 Belgium* Belgian Grand Prix (1950–1956, 1958, 1960–1968, 1970, 1972–2002, 2004–2005, 2007–2024)* 69 3
 Brazil* Brazilian Grand Prix: 47 (1973–2019)

São Paulo Grand Prix: 4 (2021–2024)*

51 2
 Canada* Canadian Grand Prix (1967–1974, 1976–1986, 1988–2008, 2010–2019, 2022–2024)* 53 3
 China* Chinese Grand Prix (2004–2019, 2024)* 17 1
 France French Grand Prix: 62 (1950–1954, 1956–2008, 2018–2019, 2021–2022)

Swiss Grand Prix: 1 (1982)

63 7
 Germany German Grand Prix: 64 (1951–1954, 1956–1959, 1961–2006, 2008–2014, 2016, 2018–2019)

European Grand Prix: 12 (1984, 1995–1996, 1999–2007)

Luxembourg Grand Prix: 2 (1997–1998)

Eifel Grand Prix: 1 (2020)

79 3
 Hungary* Hungarian Grand Prix (1986–2024)* 39 1
 India Indian Grand Prix (2011–2013) 3 1
 Italy* Italian Grand Prix: 75 (1950–2024)*

Pescara Grand Prix: 1 (1957)

San Marino Grand Prix: 26 (1981–2006)

Tuscan Grand Prix: 1 (2020)

Emilia Romagna Grand Prix: 4 (2020–2022, 2024)*

107 4
 Japan* Japanese Grand Prix, 38 (1976–1977, 1987–2019, 2022–2024)*

Pacific Grand Prix: 2 (1994–1995)

40 3
 Malaysia Malaysian Grand Prix (1999–2017) 19 1
 Mexico* Mexican Grand Prix: 20 (1963–1970, 1986–1992, 2015–2019)

Mexico City Grand Prix: 4 (2021–2024)*

24 1
 Monaco* Monaco Grand Prix (1950, 1955–2019, 2021–2024)* 70 1
 Morocco Moroccan Grand Prix (1958) 1 1
 Netherlands* Dutch Grand Prix (1952–1953, 1955, 1958–1971, 1973–1985, 2021–2024)* 34 1
 Portugal Portuguese Grand Prix (1958–1960, 1984–1996, 2020–2021) 18 4
 Qatar* Qatar Grand Prix (2021, 2023)* 2 1
 Russia Russian Grand Prix (2014–2021) 8 1
 Saudi Arabia* Saudi Arabian Grand Prix (2021–2024)* 4 1
 Singapore* Singapore Grand Prix (2008–2019, 2022–2024)* 15 1
 South Africa South African Grand Prix (1962–1963, 1965, 1967–1980, 1982–1985, 1992–1993) 23 2
 South Korea Korean Grand Prix (2010–2013) 4 1
 Spain* Spanish Grand Prix: 54 (1951, 1954, 1968–1979, 1981, 1986–2024)*

European Grand Prix: 7 (1994, 1997, 2008–2012)

60 6
 Sweden Swedish Grand Prix (1973–1978) 6 1
 Switzerland Swiss Grand Prix (1950–1954) 5 1
 Turkey Turkish Grand Prix (2005–2011, 2020–2021) 9 1
 United Arab Emirates* Abu Dhabi Grand Prix (2009–2023)* 15 1
 United Kingdom* British Grand Prix, 75 (1950–2024)*

European Grand Prix, 3 (1983, 1985, 1993)

70th Anniversary Grand Prix, 1 (2020)

79 4
 United States* Indianapolis 500, 11 (1950–1960)

United States Grand Prix, 45 (1959–1980, 1989–1991, 2000–2007, 2012–2019, 2021–2024)*

United States Grand Prix West, 8 (1976–1983)

Caesars Palace Grand Prix, 2 (1981–1982)

Detroit Grand Prix, 7 (1982–1988)

Dallas Grand Prix, 1 (1984)

Miami Grand Prix, 3 (2022–2024)*

Las Vegas Grand Prix, 1 (2023)*

78 12

By venue

A total of 77 circuits have hosted a Formula One World Championship race, as of the 2024 São Paulo Grand Prix.

Formula One Grands Prix by venue
Racing track Races held Total
Australia Adelaide Australian Grand Prix (1985–1995) 11
Japan Aida Pacific Grand Prix (1994–1995) 2
Morocco Ain-Diab (Casablanca) Moroccan Grand Prix (1958) 1
United Kingdom Aintree British Grand Prix (1955, 1957, 1959, 1961–1962) 5
Australia Albert Park (Melbourne)* Australian Grand Prix (1996–2019, 2022–2024)* 27
Portugal Algarve Portuguese Grand Prix (2020–2021) 2
Sweden Anderstorp Swedish Grand Prix (1973–1978) 6
United States Austin* United States Grand Prix (2012–2019, 2021–2024)* 12
West Germany AVUS (Berlin) German Grand Prix (1959) 1
Azerbaijan Baku* European Grand Prix, 1 (2016)

Azerbaijan Grand Prix, 7 (2017–2019, 2021–2024)*

8
Portugal Boavista (Porto) Portuguese Grand Prix (1958, 1960) 2
United Kingdom Brands Hatch British Grand Prix, 12 (1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986)

European Grand Prix, 2 (1983, 1985)

14
Switzerland Bremgarten (Bern) Swiss Grand Prix (1950–1954) 5
United States Caesars Palace (Las Vegas) Caesars Palace Grand Prix (1981–1982) 2
Spain Catalunya (Barcelona)* Spanish Grand Prix (1991–2024)* 34
France Charade (Clermont-Ferrand) French Grand Prix (1965, 1969, 1970, 1972) 4
United States Dallas Dallas Grand Prix (1984) 1
United States Detroit Detroit Grand Prix (1982–1988) 7
France Dijon-Prenois French Grand Prix, 5 (1974, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984)

Swiss Grand Prix, 1 (1982)

6
United Kingdom Donington European Grand Prix (1993) 1
South Africa East London South African Grand Prix (1962–1963, 1965) 3
Portugal Estoril Portuguese Grand Prix (1984–1996) 13
Japan Fuji Japanese Grand Prix (1976–1977, 2007–2008) 4
India Greater Noida Indian Grand Prix (2011–2013) 3
Mexico Hermanos Rodríguez (Mexico City)* Mexican Grand Prix, 20 (1963–1970, 1986–1992, 2015–2019)

Mexico City Grand Prix, 4 (2021–2024)*

24
Germany Hockenheim German Grand Prix (1970, 1977–1984, 1986–2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018–2019) 37
Hungary Hungaroring (Budapest)* Hungarian Grand Prix (1986–2024)* 39
Italy Imola* Italian Grand Prix, 1 (1980)

San Marino Grand Prix, 26 (1981–2006)

Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, 4 (2020–2022, 2024)*

31
United States Indianapolis Indianapolis 500, 11 (1950–1960)

United States Grand Prix, 8 (2000–2007)

19
Brazil Interlagos (São Paulo)* Brazilian Grand Prix, 37 (1973–1977, 1979–1980, 1990–2019)

São Paulo Grand Prix, 4 (2021–2024)*

41
Turkey Istanbul Turkish Grand Prix (2005–2011, 2020–2021) 9
Brazil Jacarepaguá (Rio de Janeiro) Brazilian Grand Prix (1978, 1981–1989) 10
Spain Jarama Spanish Grand Prix (1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976–1979, 1981) 9
Saudi Arabia Jeddah Corniche* Saudi Arabian Grand Prix (2021–2024)* 4
Spain Jerez Spanish Grand Prix, 5 (1986–1990)

European Grand Prix, 2 (1994, 1997)

7
South Africa Kyalami South African Grand Prix (1967–1980, 1982–1985, 1992–1993) 20
United States Las Vegas Strip Circuit* Las Vegas Grand Prix (2023)* 1
France Le Mans Bugatti French Grand Prix (1967) 1
United States Long Beach United States Grand Prix West (1976–1983) 8
Qatar Lusail* Qatar Grand Prix (2021, 2023)* 2
France Magny-Cours French Grand Prix (1991–2008) 18
Singapore Marina Bay (Singapore)* Singapore Grand Prix (2008–2019, 2022–2024)* 15
United States Miami International Autodrome* Miami Grand Prix (2022–2024)* 3
Portugal Monsanto Park (Lisbon) Portuguese Grand Prix (1959) 1
Monaco Monte Carlo* Monaco Grand Prix (1950, 1955–2019, 2021–2024)* 70
Spain Montjuïc (Barcelona) Spanish Grand Prix (1969, 1971, 1973, 1975) 4
Canada Montréal* Canadian Grand Prix (1978–1986, 1988–2008, 2010–2019, 2022–2024)* 43
Italy Monza* Italian Grand Prix (1950–1979, 1981–2024)* 74
Canada Mosport Park Canadian Grand Prix (1967, 1969, 1971–1974, 1976–1977) 8
Italy Mugello Tuscan Grand Prix (2020) 1
Belgium Nivelles Belgian Grand Prix (1972, 1974) 2
Germany Nürburgring German Grand Prix, 26 (1951–1954, 1956–1958, 1961–1969, 1971–1976, 1985, 2009, 2011, 2013)

European Grand Prix, 12 (1984, 1995–1996, 1999–2007)

Luxembourg Grand Prix, 2 (1997–1998)

Eifel Grand Prix, 1 (2020)

41
Argentina Oscar y Juan Gálvez (Buenos Aires) Argentine Grand Prix (1953–1958, 1960, 1972–1975, 1977–1981, 1995–1998) 20
France Paul Ricard (Le Castellet) French Grand Prix (1971, 1973, 1975–1976, 1978, 1980, 1982–1983, 1985–1990, 2018–2019, 2021–2022) 18
Spain Pedralbes (Barcelona) Spanish Grand Prix (1951, 1954) 2
Italy Pescara Pescara Grand Prix (1957) 1
United States Phoenix United States Grand Prix (1989–1991) 3
France Reims French Grand Prix (1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958–1961, 1963, 1966) 11
United States Riverside United States Grand Prix (1960) 1
France Rouen French Grand Prix (1952, 1957, 1962, 1964, 1968) 5
Canada Saint-Jovite (Mont-Tremblant) Canadian Grand Prix (1968, 1970) 2
Bahrain Sakhir* Bahrain Grand Prix, 20 (2004–2010, 2012–2024)*

Sakhir Grand Prix, 1 (2020)

21
United States Sebring United States Grand Prix (1959) 1
Malaysia Sepang (Kuala Lumpur) Malaysian Grand Prix (1999–2017) 19
China Shanghai* Chinese Grand Prix (2004–2019, 2024)* 17
United Kingdom Silverstone* British Grand Prix, 58 (1950–1954, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987–2024)*

70th Anniversary Grand Prix, 1 (2020)

59
Russia Sochi Russian Grand Prix (2014–2021) 8
Belgium Spa-Francorchamps* Belgian Grand Prix (1950–1956, 1958, 1960–1968, 1970, 1983, 1985–2002, 2004–2005, 2007–2024)* 57
Austria Spielberg (Österreichring/ A1-Ring/ Red Bull Ring)* Austrian Grand Prix, 36 (1970–1987, 1997–2003, 2014–2024)*

Styrian Grand Prix, 2 (2020–2021)

38
Japan Suzuka* Japanese Grand Prix (1987–2006, 2009–2019, 2022–2024)* 34
Spain Valencia European Grand Prix (2008–2012) 5
United States Watkins Glen United States Grand Prix (1961–1980) 20
United Arab Emirates Yas Marina (Abu Dhabi)* Abu Dhabi Grand Prix (2009–2023)* 15
South Korea Yeongam Korean Grand Prix (2010–2013) 4
Netherlands Zandvoort* Dutch Grand Prix (1952–1953, 1955, 1958–1971, 1973–1985, 2021–2024)* 34
Austria Zeltweg Austrian Grand Prix (1964) 1
Belgium Zolder Belgian Grand Prix (1973, 1975–1982, 1984) 10

Milestone races

Multiples of 100

Formula One Grands Prix by multiples of 100
Race Season Grand Prix Circuit Winner
Driver Constructor
100 1961 West Germany German Nürburgring  Stirling Moss (GBR)  Lotus-Climax (GBR)
200 1971 Monaco Monaco Monte Carlo  Jackie Stewart (GBR)  Tyrrell-Ford (GBR)
300 1978 South Africa South African Kyalami  Ronnie Peterson (SWE)  Lotus-Ford (GBR)
400 1984 Austria Austrian Spielberg  Niki Lauda (AUT)  McLaren-TAG (GBR)
500 1990 Australia Australian Adelaide  Nelson Piquet (BRA)  Benetton-Ford (GBR)
600 1997 Argentina Argentine Buenos Aires  Jacques Villeneuve (CAN)  Williams-Renault (GBR)
700 2003 Brazil Brazilian Interlagos  Giancarlo Fisichella (ITA)  Jordan-Ford (IRL)
800 2008 Singapore Singapore Marina Bay  Fernando Alonso (ESP)  Renault (FRA)
900 2014 Bahrain Bahrain Sakhir  Lewis Hamilton (GBR)  Mercedes (GER)
1000 2019 China Chinese Shanghai  Lewis Hamilton (GBR)  Mercedes (GER)
1100 2023 United States Las Vegas Las Vegas  Max Verstappen (NED)  Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT (AUT)

Notes

  1. ^ The primary reason for the reduction of Grand Prix distance throughout the history of Formula One was to accommodate television preferring shorter races with more on-track activity.
  2. ^ The 70th Anniversary Grand Prix was held in the United Kingdom.
  3. ^ The Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held in the United Arab Emirates.
  4. ^ The 1999 Argentine Grand Prix was on the provisional 1999 schedule, but it was cancelled as a consequence of the failure to reach a financial agreement.
  5. ^ The 2011 Bahrain Grand Prix was cancelled as a result of the Bahraini uprising of 2011.
  6. ^ The Caesars Palace Grand Prix was held in the United States.
  7. ^ The Dallas Grand Prix was held in the United States.
  8. ^ The Detroit Grand Prix was held in the United States.
  9. ^ The Eifel Grand Prix was held in Germany.
  10. ^ The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix was held in Italy.
  11. ^ The European Grand Prix was held in Germany (12 times), in Spain (7 times), in the United Kingdom (3 times), and in Azerbaijan (once).
  12. ^ The Indianapolis 500 was not a "Grand Prix", but it was included as a round of the World Championship from 1950 to 1960. The race was held in the United States.
  13. ^ The Las Vegas Grand Prix was held in the United States.
  14. ^ The Luxembourg Grand Prix was held in Germany.
  15. ^ The Mexico City Grand Prix was held in Mexico.
  16. ^ The Miami Grand Prix was held in the United States.
  17. ^ The Pacific Grand Prix was held in Japan.
  18. ^ The Pescara Grand Prix, also known as Coppa Acerbo, was held in Pescara, in Italy.
  19. ^ The Sakhir Grand Prix was held in Bahrain.
  20. ^ The San Marino Grand Prix was held in Italy.
  21. ^ The São Paulo Grand Prix was held in Brazil.
  22. ^ The 1981 South African Grand Prix was not part of the World Championship due to the dispute of the FISA–FOCA war.
  23. ^ The championship status of the 1980 Spanish Grand Prix was withdrawn due to the dispute of the FISA–FOCA war.
  24. ^ The Styrian Grand Prix was held in Austria.
  25. ^ As a result of a loss of local interest due to the deaths of Gunnar Nilsson and Ronnie Peterson in 1978, the 1979 Swedish Grand Prix was cancelled. Since then, no Formula One Grand Prix has been held in Sweden.
  26. ^ The 1982 Swiss Grand Prix was held in Dijon, in France.
  27. ^ The Tuscan Grand Prix was held in Italy.

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Bibliography