A municipality in the historic province of Nueva Ecija and was named after the youngest general of the Philippine Revolution, General Manuel Tinio y Bundoc

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General Tinio
Municipality
Welcome Arch
Seal
Map of Nueva Ecija with General Tinio highlighted
OpenStreetMap
General Tinio Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 15°21′N 121°03′E / 15.35°N 121.05°E / 15.35; 121.05
Country	Philippines
Region	Central Luzon
Province	Nueva Ecija
District	4th district
Founded	1921
Named for	Manuel Tinio
Barangays	13 (see Barangays)
Government
• Type	Sangguniang Bayan
• Mayor	Engr. Isidro T. Pajarillaga
• Vice Mayor	Melvin S. Pascual
• Representative	Emerson D. Pascual
• Municipal Council	Members June B. Abesamis Ma. Charmaine Dayupay Mario P. delos Santos Eric E. Serrano Luther A. Pajarillaga Marvin G. Pajarillaga Lazaro B. Gonzales Maximo S. de Guzman
• Electorate	39,556 voters (2022)
Area
• Total	245.29 km (94.71 sq mi)
Elevation	56 m (184 ft)
Highest elevation	113 m (371 ft)
Lowest elevation	32 m (105 ft)
Population  (2020 census)
• Total	55,925
• Density	230/km (590/sq mi)
• Households	13,137
Economy
• Income class	1st municipal income class
• Poverty incidence	12.61 % (2021)
• Revenue	₱ 242.3 million (2020)
• Assets	₱ 433.3 million (2020)
• Expenditure	₱ 213.8 million (2020)
• Liabilities	₱ 238 million (2020)
Service provider
• Electricity	Nueva Ecija 2 Area 2 Electric Cooperative (NEECO 2 A2)
Time zone	UTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code	3104
PSGC	034910000
IDD : area code	+63 (0)44
Native languages	Southern Alta Tagalog Ilocano
Website	www.generaltinio.gov.ph

General Tinio is a 1st class municipality in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. nestled at the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountains and bordered by the Peñaranda River, Rio Chico River, and several other streams, the town’s hilly terrain and dense wild vegetation made it a natural refuge for insurgents resisting colonization during the Spanish, American, and Japanese occupations. These physical barriers allowed freedom fighters to rest and regroup, contributing to the absence of major battles within the town.

Renamed in 1957 to honor revolutionary leader General Manuel Tinio, the town has since developed into a thriving agricultural hub known for its rich cultural festivals - like the Kalamay Festival - and natural attractions like Minalungao National Park. The town’s inspiring history, resilient leaders, and strong sense of community across its barangays continue to shape its legacy and drive its progress.

The town is locally referred to as Papaya but officially called the Municipality of General Tinio (Tagalog: Bayan ng Heneral Tinio, Ilocano: Ili ti Heneral Tinio). It posted an income of 260 M Php in 2020. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 55,925 people.

To the northeast side is the Fort Magsaysay Army Reservation, wherein the national hero Ninoy Aquino and former Senator Jose Diokno were incarcerated during Martial Law in the 1970’s. On the north are the towns of Gabaldon and Laur, named after Laureana Quijano, the wife of General Manuel Tinio.

The town is part of the great Sierra Madre Mountains to the East where the indigenous people of Palale can be found; and where patriot insurgents took fought or took refuge; further to the east and over the mountains is the beach town and the next tuna capital of the Philippines, Dinggalan.

To the West are the historic towns of Sta. Rosa, Peñaranda and the old city of Gapan where you will find the first minor basilica in Nueva Ecija, the National Shrine of La Virgen Divina Pastora, also known as the Three Kings Parish, or simply known as Gapan Church. To the south are the Peñaranda River that leads to the Minalungao National Park and; the town of Doña Remedios Trinidad, named after the former First Lady Imelda Marcos.

The town of General Tinio, formerly known as Papaya, boasts a rich and intricate history shaped by its people, faith, geography, and interactions with colonizers. The merging of the three original barrios—Papaya, Rio Chico, and Pias—from the then-town of Peñaranda, provided the foundation for what eventually became the independent town of Papaya.

The Dumagat people are the indigenous inhabitants of the mountainous areas of the town. Over time, they have resided in Barangay Palale. Linguistic research shows that the indigenous ancestors of the tribe are connected and spread throughout the Sierra Madre. The rugged terrain, crossed by multiple rivers and streams, provided these indigenous communities with abundant natural resources and a strategic defense, shaping and preserving their culture and practices over generations.

Possible evidence of early human activity in the area, including the discovery of unique stone tools from the Lower Paleolithic age, may indicate that this land has long been a site of human ingenuity and adaptation. These tools suggest that early settlers were skilled and resourceful, utilizing advanced techniques uncommon in other parts of the region.

From pre-colonial times up to the Spanish occupation, settlers began moving along the rivers, establishing small communities that evolved into sitios and barrios. These early settlements eventually grew into three foundational towns: Rio Chico, Papaya, and Pias, which later formed the town of Papaya.

According to the account of Cenon Monasterial, retired Division Superintendent of Schools on The History and Cultural Life of Papaya, Nueva Ecija, the most plausible origin of the name Papaya was during the Spanish colonial period, the area was largely a wilderness, occasionally patrolled by Spanish soldiers from their base in San Isidro (about 1852). Amidst this vast landscape, a Papaya tree became a guiding landmark—a waypoint among the patrolling soldiers. This tree stood where the old Sto. Cristo Catholic Church was located (and currently the Sto. Niño Diocesan School) and ultimately gave the place its original name: Papaya.

Papaya is referenced in two significant early accounts. The first is found in the biography of Katipunero and Comandante Mamerto Padolina, who was born on 1845, in Papaya. At this time, Papaya was a sitio of Barrio Mapisong, which would later become the town of Peñaranda. Both Mapisong and Papaya were part of the larger town of Gapan, founded in 1595, under the jurisdiction of Pampanga. However, in 1848, the redrawing of territorial boundaries transferred Papaya and its surrounding areas from Pampanga to Nueva Ecija, reshaping its political affiliation

The second early reference to Papaya is found on a church bell inscribed with "Barrio de Papaya 1874," located in the town center. This further underscores the deep connection between Papaya and the Catholic Church, a relationship that significantly influenced its development. Note that the founding of the Gapan Church by the Order of St. Augustine, just 24 years after the Battle of Bangkusay and 74 years after Spain's arrival in Cebu in 1521, highlights the pivotal role that religious orders played in shaping not only the socio-political landscape but also settlement patterns and cultural evolution in the region.

In May 1851 [1], Mapisong was elevated to town status by a Royal Decree, becoming Peñaranda, and Papaya subsequently became one of its barrios. The establishment of churches and the evolution of political boundaries, coupled with the unique geographical features of the region—rivers, mountain ranges, and fertile plains—not only influenced the governance and administrative development of the area but also shaped the culture, practices, and beliefs of the people. The natural landscape played a significant role in the way the communities adapted, leading to the development of resilient agricultural practices and strong communal traditions.

The history of General Tinio, formerly known as Papaya, is intricately connected to the life of one of its notable leaders, Commander Mamerto Ramos Padolina (1845-1923). Born in Papaya on November 18, 1845, Padolina grew up on the banks of the Penaranda River, in what was then a part of the town of Peñaranda, itself carved out of Gapan in 1851. Mamerto's family was among those that shaped the early foundation of Papaya, with his education rooted in Tagalog texts, making him proficient in public speaking and a strong advocate for his community.

In 1885, Padolina was appointed as Teniente del Barrio of Papaya, a position that allowed him to support and uplift the local community during Spanish rule. By July 7, 1892, when Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan, Padolina joined this revolutionary organization, pledging to fight for the independence of the Filipino people.

Padolina went on to form Bisig at Lakas ng Papaya in March 1895, a local militia that defended the community from threats. With trusted leaders like Capitan Juancho Padolina and Capitan Rufino Punsal, the group safeguarded Papaya against looters and armed threats, which helped foster unity and resilience in the community.

During the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Padolina received orders from General Mariano Llanera to attack on San Isidro, Nueva Ecija on September 2, 1896 (Unang Sigaw), successfully capturing weapons from the Spanish garrison. This early victory demonstrated the effectiveness of the local resistance. Later, as the revolution spread, Padolina collaborated with General Mariano Llanera and General Urbano Lacuna, eventually gaining the rank of Commander in charge of Barrio Penaranda, SitioPapaya, and parts of Gapan.

The declaration of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898 brought a brief sense of triumph. However, with the arrival of American forces and the subsequent Philippine-American War, Padolina and his troops retreated to the Minalungao mountains, where they faced the dual challenges of American troops and scarcity of supplies.

With General Emilio Aguinaldo captured in March 1901 and the official surrender on April 19, 1901, Padolina ended his fight against the Americans, accepting the realities of colonial dominance. Despite the hardships, Padolina's legacy lives on as a revolutionary leader who fought tirelessly for freedom.

Mamerto Ramos Padolina passed away on September 13, 1923, but his contributions are remembered as an integral part of General Tinio's history. His courage, dedication to his community, and commitment to the revolutionary cause exemplify the spirit of Papaya during those turbulent times.

Following the 1898 Treaty of Paris and the Battle of Manila Bay, the United States moved swiftly to solidify its control over the Philippines, aiming to capture President Emilio Aguinaldo and establish civil governance. This led to the formation of the Taft Commission or Second Philippine Commission (1900), which became the first legislative body of the Philippines. The subsequent enactment of several laws—such as Act 82 (The Municipal Code, January 1901), Act 83 (The Provincial Government Act, February 1901), and Act 136 (An Act Providing for the Organization of Courts in the Philippine Islands, June 1901)—laid the foundation for the administrative structure that would shape the country during the American colonial period. By June 11, 1901, Nueva Ecija's provincial government had been brought under American control, with Epifanio De Los Santos appointed as its first governor.

Despite the establishment of the American colonial government, local resistance remained fierce. General Urbano Lacuna, a native of Peñaranda, led the fight against the Americans alongside other courageous locals, including Commandant Mamerto Padolina, and Tenientes Jose Bulacan, Pedro Gonzales, Juan Calma, Juanso Padolina, etc. These freedom fighters fought against the advancing American forces and their ruthless allies, the Macabebes, a group known for their allegiance to foreign invaders.

According to the History and the Cultural Life of Papaya from the National Historical Commission and the biography of Mamerto Padolina, the Macabebes were Filipinos who served as collaborators to both the Spanish and American colonizers. During the Spanish colonial period, they aided the Guardia Civil in persecuting insurgents and were notorious for their harsh methods, including torture and looting. The mountainous areas like Pias served as refuge for many residents, who hid there in fear of the Macabebes' brutal tactics.

During the American occupation, the Macabebes continued their allegiance to foreign powers and acted as a formidable force against Filipino resistance. Their terror extended to the people of Barrio Rio Chico and beyond, where they looted properties, violated women, and punished those who refused compliance. News of their atrocities caused women and children to flee into the wilderness, seeking safety from the Macabebes' relentless aggression. Despite the overwhelming odds, Filipino patriots continued their resistance, keeping alive the spirit of defiance against foreign rule.

This chapter in the history of General Tinio, formerly Papaya, exemplifies the resilience and bravery of its people in the face of foreign oppression. Their sacrifices and unwavering spirit in defending their land remain an important part of the town's legacy.

The journey of Papaya from being a sitio of Peñaranda to becoming an independent town was a pivotal chapter in its history. In June 11, 1901, the civil government of Nueva Ecija was re-established. Starting in 1903, the province underwent reorganization process, municipalities were reduced and new ones were created. On March 10, 1917, by virtue of Act No. 2711, Barrio Papaya was listed among the 27 municipalities of Nueva Ecija. However, the true formation of the independent municipality occurred on October 14, 1920, when Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison issued Executive Order No. 30, officially separating Barrio Papaya, along with Barrio Rio Chico and Barrio Pias, from the town of Peñaranda. This separation became effective on January 1, 1921, marking the beginning of Papaya as an independent municipality. This move was largely facilitated through the collaborative efforts of local leaders Capitan Mamerto Ramos Padolina, who was the Secretary of the Governor of the Province, along with Judge Segundo Bernardo and Francisco Padolina.

Papaya became the administrative center of the newly formed town, largely due to its strategic location and historical significance as a meeting point for the locals and visitors. It has become known as Poblacion or Bayan. It developed into the hub of governance and commerce for the municipality.

Rio Chico, previously known as Ilog na Munti, played an equally important role in the formation of the town. The name Rio Chico, meaning "small river," was given by Spanish soldiers who were impressed by the small river that ran through the area, providing water and facilitating transportation. Rio Chico was known for its fertile lands along the riverbanks, which allowed the community to thrive. The pioneering families—the Riveras and the Gonzaleses—settled along the river and became the foundation of the community, contributing significantly to the early development of the town.

The original families in the area are the Rivera and Gonzales. The sitio of Baste (now known as Barangay Bago), located northeast of Rio Chico near the Sierra Madre Mountains, was an important agricultural site and served as an evacuation center during World War II. Baste was also a hiding place for the Hukbalahaps and guerrilla fighters during the Japanese occupation.

The old sitios are:

Pias, the third foundational barrio, was known for its rich natural resources, including bamboo and fish, which were abundant along the banks of the river that ran through the area. According to local legend, the barrio got its name when children mispronounced the word "bias," referring to bamboo tubes that served as hiding places for fish. The name stuck and has been used ever since. Pias also held significance due to its agricultural potential and its position as a gateway to the rugged terrain of the Sierra Madre, which later served as a refuge for guerilla fighters during times of conflict.

The old sitios are:

• Sapang-bato - it was famous for its mangoes and fish and was used as an evacuation center of the barrios and towns
• Samang-gogo - it used to be grazing lands for cows and carabaos; Gogo/Gugo (Entada phaseoloides) was found in this area and sold to neighboring towns.
• Kaputatan - became the hiding place of prominent people in Nueva Ecija like Ex-Governor Jose Robles and the Yusons of Gapan; Putat (Barringtonia asiatica or Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng) of Fish-Poison tree was found growing along the river; the sitio became a barrio in 1938
• Maipit - a place where there were many rocks and crevices where your fingers could be caught
• Bacug - a place named after the vine Bacug that was used for basket-weaving
• Sabia - this area became the headquarters of Anderson guerrillas during the Japanese occupation; this area is also famous for the local fish called Bia / Biya / Tabios / Dwarf Pygmy Goby (Paedocypris progenetica)
• Talbac - this area is known to be populated by Negritos / Aeta or Alta; the site where William J. Pomeroy and his wife were captured in April 1952; this place became also a stronghold of Luis Taruc, Jesus Lava, Jose de Leon alias Dimasalang, and Alfredo Saulo. It was said that this area was also a battleground between Macabebes and Insurrectos.

The first inhabitants were Resilva and Mabalay families.

After World War II, a movement was initiated to rename the town in honor of General Manuel Tinio (1877 – 1924), the youngest general of President Emilio Aguinaldo; a prominent revolutionary leader from Nueva Ecija who played a significant role in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. Congressman Celestino Juan sponsored a congressional act that was signed into law on June 20, 1957, as Republic Act No. 1665, officially changing the name of Papaya to General Tinio. The renaming of the town was inaugurated on August 19, 1957, recognizing the contributions of General Tinio to the struggle for Philippine independence.

After the Barrio Papaya, with Barrio Rio Chico and Pias became a town with an elected municipal government in 1921, the Barrio of Papaya had become officially as Barrio Poblacion or "Bayan".

In December 31, 1972, during the martial Law period, P.D 86 Creating Citizen Assemblies revised the Barrio Charter (RA 3590). This was further amended by P.D. 86-A Strengthening and Defining the Role of Barangays (Citizens Assemblies) in January 5, 1973. Under the leadership of Mayor Nicanor Bulacan Aves, these laws were executed and, by 1978, led to the creation of 6 new barangays.

As the Poblacion was dissolved, these 6 new barangays were promulgated: Poblacion Central, Poblacion East, Poblacion West, San Pedro, Sampaguita, Pulong Matong. From three barrios, the town is now subdivided to twelve and are now called barangays.

This vibrant tradition of brass bands has its roots in the legacy of Pedro "Bigas" Bautista, a local figure who played an influential role in nurturing the musical culture of the town. Known as "Inkong Pedro," Bautista was originally a caretaker of the public cemetery, located in the outskirts of the town which is what is now Barangay San Pedro. Bautista was among the first settlers in the area—living near the cemetery. He became not only the cemetery’s custodian but also a de facto community leader. Because of his dedication, people often came to him for guidance and help.

When the time came to name the barangay during the 1970's, Pedro Bautista was suggested as the namesake since he had been a longstanding figure in managing the cemetery and assisting the people who settled in the area. However, Bautista declined the proposal to name the area "Barangay Pedro," as he felt it inappropriate while he was still alive. Instead, he proposed naming it Barangay San Pedro, to honor Saint Peter, who, in Christian tradition, is the keeper of the keys to Heaven. The cemetery represented the final resting place, and Bautista felt that naming it after the saint would be more appropriate. Thus, the barangay was named San Pedro, recognizing both his contributions and the cultural significance of the area.

In 1999, under the leadership of Mayor Virgilio Abes Bote, the Local Government of General Tinio filed a territorial dispute to reclaim Barangay Palale from Palayan City. On September 7, 2006, the Supreme Court First Division, in G.R. No. 169089, ruled in favor of General Tinio, officially transferring Barangay Palale back under its jurisdiction. The Barangay was previously one of the northern sitios of Barangay Nazareth before it was transferred to Palayan City in 1982.

Population census of General Tinio

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1939	7,517	—
1948	8,645	+1.57%
1960	14,925	+4.65%
1970	19,353	+2.63%
1975	21,088	+1.74%
1980	23,406	+2.11%
1990	29,491	+2.34%
1995	32,913	+2.08%
2000	35,352	+1.54%
2007	39,356	+1.49%
2010	42,634	+2.95%
2015	47,865	+2.23%
2020	55,925	+3.11%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

Poverty incidence of General Tinio

5 10 15 20 2006 19.70 2009 15.69 2012 15.38 2015 14.92 2018 5.10 2021 12.61 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

Farming is the livelihood of majority of the residents. Even though located at the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountain Ridges, the topography is generally plain ideal to agricultural products such as palay and vegetables. A number of poultry broiler contract growers are located in the municipality. Other industries include furniture and fixtures, backyard poultry, cattle and livestock, vegetable production and minor agricultural livelihoods like duck raising. "Ikmo" or betel leaves production is one dying symbol of the town. The practice of chewing betel leaves by the older generation was not adopted by the younger generation even though of its reported natural anti-cancer formula.

The remittances of numerous sons and daughters of Papaya abroad also help keep the economy of the town afloat. Papayanos can be relied to answer calls of assistance for the town's development.

• Mango
• Bamboo

• Chicken and Egg
• Duck
• Goose
• Turkey
• Carabao
• Cow
• Goat
• Dairy

• Tilapia
• Hito
• Bulig/Dalag

Minalungao National Park is also one of the biggest attraction of the town catering to numerous visitors each day.

• Heavy Duty Truck Driving
• Light Duty Truck Driving
• Tricycle Driving
• Passenger Jeepney Driving
• Bus Driving
• Auto Mechanic
• Auto Electrical

The following have led the town from its birth in 1921 to what it had become today.

Spanish Colonial Period ( - 1898)
Cabesa de Barrio		Term
Martin Maducdoc
Fabian Pajarillaga
Juan Pajarillaga
Gregorio Oltiveros
Anastacio Paras
Basillio Pajarillaga
Ignacio Paras
Eugenio Paras
Anastacio Bote
Eustaquio Bote
Juan Bolisay
Catalino Bolisay
Crisostomo Bal
Antonio Quijano
Pedro Bautista
Damaso Bautista
Elino Ramos
Antero Ramos
Pedro Gonzales
Tomas Manuel
Aniceto Ronquillo
Martin Ramos
Bibiano Oltiveros
Alejandro Pajarillaga
Pio Maducdoc
Jose Ronquillo
Juanso Padolina
Esteban Bote
Gregorio Aves
Corneliio Paras
Gaspar Padolina
Miguel Bernardo
Bienvenido Bulacan
Jose Ronquillo
Pedro Pajarillaga
Telesforo Bal
Cosme Bal
Pruto Ramos
Leon Ramos
Engracio Padolina
Pedro Ramos
Timoteo Bulacan
Buenaventura Rivera
Basilio Buenavides
Silverio Manuel
Moises Bolisay
Florentino Ramos
Tiniente		Term
Mamerto Ramos Padolina
Anacleto Bote
Julian Maducdoc
Jose Bulacan
Arcadio Bote
American Colonial Period (1898 - 1935)
Municipal President	Municipal Vice President	Term
Cristobal Castro Mangulabnan (appointed)	Vice Martin Ramos (appointed)	1921–1922
Getulio Bote, Sr.	Vice Martin Pajarillaga	1922–1925
Martin Pajarillaga	Vice Marcos Bote Sr.	1925–1931
Marcos Bote Sr.	Vice Daniel Padolina	1931–1934
Melquiades Ronquillo, Sr.	Vice Santiago Bolisay	1934–1937
Commonwealth Period (1935 - 1946)
Municipal Mayor	Municipal Vice Mayor	Term
Melquades Ronquillo, Sr.	Vice Damaso Bolisay	1937–1940
Getulio Bote	Vice Pedro Bulacan	1940–1943
Second Republic (Japanese Occupation 1943-1945)
Getulio Bote (under Japanese forces)	Vice Pedro Bulacan	1943–1944
Getulio Bote (transition to Commonwealth government)	Vice Angeles Bote	1945
Third Republic (1946 - 1972)
Gerardo Rivera	Vice Angeles Bote	1946–1947
Gerardo Rivera	Vice Diosdado Bote	1948–1951
Gerardo Rivera with	Victorino Bote	1952–1955
Bienvenido Bautista Abes	Vice Victorino Bote	1956–1959
Gerardo Rivera	Vice Banaag Leodones	1960–1963
Santos Quitua Bote	Vice Getulio Bote, Jr.	1964–1967
Mariano Ronquillo	Vice Manuel Domingo	January 1–15, 1968
Manuel Domingo	Vice Perfecto M. Bote	1968–1971
Nicanor Bautista Aves	Vice Alfonso Pajimna	January 1– September 21, 1972
Fourth Republic (1972 - 1986)
Nicanor Bautista Aves	Vice Alfonso Pajimna	September 21, 1972 -1980
Nathaniel Bote, Jr.	Vice Venancio Bote	1981–1986
Fifth Republic (1986–Present)
OIC Gerardo Rivera	Vice Antonio Abes	1986–1988
Placido Maducdoc Calma	Vice Bernardino R. Abes	1988–1995
Placido Maducdoc Calma	Vice Elsa Bote	1995–1998
Placido Maducdoc Calma	Vice Bernardino R. Abes	1998–2004
Isidro Tinio Pajarillaga	Vice Indira P. Dayupay	2004–2007
Virgilio Abes Bote	Vice Marcelo Bote Abes	2007–2010
Virgilio Abes Bote	Vice Engr. Ferdinand P. Bote	2010–2016
Engr. Ferdinand P. Bote	Vice Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual	2016– July 3, 2018
Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual	Vice Anna Rouselle B Busalpa	July 4, 2018 – 2019
Isidro Tinio Pajarillaga	Vice Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual	2019–present

General Tinio is politically subdivided into 13 barangays. Each barangay consist of puroks and some have sitios.

This tow is formerly known as "Ilog na Munti," got its name from the small river that runs through the area. During the early days of Spanish rule, a few groups of Negritos inhabited this place, and later clearings were opened by neighboring townspeople. The name "Ilog na Munti" was translated into Spanish as "Rio Chico," which has been its official name ever since. The first Cabeza of the barrio was Anastacio Rivera, who was also regarded as its founder.

Local Leaders of Rio Chico
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant	Term
Cabezang Anastacio Rivera
Crisanto Rivera
Lucio Rivera
Roman Rivera
Candido Rivera
Lucas Castro
Marciano Castro
Agustin Mangulabnan
Julian Abela
Pioquinto Rivera
Juan Rivera
Teniente Saturnino Gonzales
Teniente Pedro Gonzales
Consehal Hermogenes Pablo
Consehal Valiente Rivera
Consehal David Rivera
Teniente Juan Quijano
Teniente Rosendo Gonzales
Consehal Ruperto Bernardo
Teniente Alfonso Gonzales
Teniente Paulino Bacay
Consehal Valentin Alarcon	1952
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
Tirso Quijano Sr
Rafael Gonzales	1972 - 1982
Teofilo Serrano (appointed)
Felix Lorenzo
Demetrio Gonzales
Benny Lorenzo
Teodoro Alarcon
Gerry Quijano
Roy Alarcon Bulacan (resigned; won as a Municipal Councilor)	2016 - 2016
Resty Cabildo Salonga (sucessor)	2017 - 2018
Leonardo Rivera Bulacan	2018 - 2023
Resty Cabildo Salonga	2023–present

Pias was a previous sitio of Rio Chico.

Local Leaders of Pias
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant	Term
Cabezang Miguel Mabalay
Mateo Solomon
Saturnino Pascual
Pedro Fajardo	1952
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
	2018 - 2023
Gerlie Alfonso Gregorio	2023–present

Nazareth is the gateway to the Upper Tabuating Irrigation Project, is notable for its diverse land use, which includes eco-tourism areas and residential subdivisions. Spanning 16,300 hectares, this barangay is integral for both agricultural and residential development, housing several large-scale projects.

Originally named "Querollo" after the Querollo Creek, Barangay Nazareth emerged from its status as a sitio of Rio Chico to become an independent barrio in the early part of 1935. The original families were the families of Julian Ramos, Juan Ramos, Tomas Reyes, Isaias Madrid, Segundo Mangulabnan, Sotero Quinto, Dominador Abrigos, Felisa Ramos, Candido Villar, Alfonso Fernandez, Marcelo Gonzales, Dalmacio Padolina, and Fabian Diaz.

During World War II, Nazareth served as an evacuation center for both civilians and guerrilla fighters. It was a strategic location, with Juan Ramos being one of the key figures who supported guerrilla activities. The Methodist Chapel built in 1934 remains as one of the historical landmarks of the barrio.

Barangay Nazareth is also the starting point for rivers like Bugnan and Coronel, which provide water resources crucial for agriculture in neighboring areas. The barangay is home to Nazareth Elementary School and other facilities, making it an important community for education and agriculture in General Tinio.

Barangay Nazareth used to include the sitio of Palale which was transferred to Palayan City in 1982.

The old sitios are:

• Tarundon Bato
• Querollo

Local Leaders of Nazareth
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant	Term
Isaias Madrid
Segundo Mangulabnan
Joaquin Fernando	1952
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
	2018 - 2023
Ian Manabat Pajarillaga	2023–present

Bago is one of the oldest barangays, covering 1,185.55 hectares. It serves as a key livestock development area and is home to the Bago-Nazareth Memorial Park. The barangay's irrigation facilities support 45 hectares of agricultural land, while its four schools collectively serve over 1,500 students. Bago’s combination of agriculture, livestock, and community facilities underlines its diverse contributions to General Tinio.

Barangay Bago, one of the oldest barangays in the municipality of General Tinio, this used to be the sitio of Baste, which lies northeast of Rio Chico near the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountains. Sitio Baste was named after Baste Creek and was established in 1938. The first and last head of the barrio was Teniente del Barrio Celino Bago alias "Katyao". Later on, the Barangay was named after him.

The early settlers of Baste were Cabezang Cornelio Jardiel, Cabezang Alipio Ramos, Cabezang Maximo Ramos—all from Peñaranda—and Cabezang Crisodono Mangulabnan. Baste flourished as an agricultural hub and was also an important evacuation center during World War II.

During the Japanese occupation, Baste became a key hiding place for the Hukbalahaps and Filipino guerrillas, making it an important part of the resistance movement. At its peak, the sitio had around forty scattered houses, and a schoolhouse was built in the central part, with Mrs. Asuncion B. Pajimna as its first teacher in 1941. However, the outbreak of the war led to the closure of the school, and during the conflict between the Hukbalahaps and the USAFFE guerrillas, the sitio was ultimately evacuated, leaving it extinct. Many former residents moved to Barangay Rio Chico or the poblacion area of Papaya (now General Tinio).

When San Jose, Nueva Ecija was bombed, the Provincial Hospital was transferred to this barrio and Barrio Baste became an evacuation center of the peoples of the province.

Local Leaders of Bago
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant	Term
Teniente Celino Bago	1938
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
	2018 - 2023
Maximo Alfonso Pallarca	2023–present

Established in 1965, Barangay Padolina covers a land area of 573.20 hectares. The lowest point in the municipality, about 40 meters above sea level, can be found here, with the Peñaranda River flowing nearby. This fertile land is one of the major agricultural hubs of General Tinio, producing various farm products that contribute significantly to the town’s food supply. The town was named after Mamerto Ramos Padolina (1845-1923), a katipunero and a komandante during the Philippine revolution; who was born at Sitio Papaya, Barrio Mapisong (now Peñaranda), town of Gapan, in the province of Pampanga. Padolina was also one of the three leaders who pushed the agenda to turn Papaya into a town.

In terms of education, Padolina Elementary School serves the community with 409 pupils and a student-to-teacher ratio of 1:27. Recreational facilities such as Hacienda Nicolas, Villa Ofelia Resort, and Belarmino Resort cater to various community gatherings, and the barangay also houses 40 business establishments that meet residents' needs.

Padolina is notable for its irrigation system that supports 60 hectares of agricultural land, vital for local farming. Water supply is well-established, with 673 connections servicing 3,365 households, while electricity is provided to 1,521 households by NEECO II-Area 2. This barangay plays a key role in maintaining the food security of General Tinio.

Local Leaders of Padolina
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant	Term
	1965
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
	1972
	1982 - 1989
Angke Bote	1989 - 1994
Tikboy	1994 - 1997
Macariola	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
Virgilio Barlis Domingo	2018 - 2023
Virgilio Barlis Domingo	2023–present

This is among the earliest established barangays in General Tinio, known for its strategic location along the national and provincial roads, making it one of the municipality's commercial hubs. With a land area of 219.20 hectares, it is just 1.2 kilometers away from the municipal hall. Concepcion is home to Baliwag Transit Inc., a major bus company connecting residents to Metro Manila.

Concepcion's educational facilities include East Elementary School, which enrolls 667 pupils, supported by a teaching staff of 26. There are also 64 businesses and a slaughterhouse, enhancing the barangay’s economic activities. Irrigable land of 25 hectares further underscores its agricultural value. Water supply and electricity are well-provided, with a comprehensive infrastructure network that ensures reliable service for the community.

Local Leaders of Concepcion
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant	Term
	1965
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
Eugenio Tinio Pajarilaga	2018 - 2023
Eugenio Tinio Pajarilaga	2023–present

Barangay Palale covers a total land area of 3,816 hectares and is situated 2.2 kilometers away from the municipal hall. The main source of water is the Talictic Creek, which drains towards Palayan City and the Municipality of Laur. Despite being a geographically isolated and disadvantaged area (GIDA), Palale continues to be an important part of General Tinio’s landscape. The barangay also plays a key role in historical origins and socio-cultural practices of the town as the population of the barangay are part of the local indigenous community.

The decision to return Barangay Palale to General Tinio was a significant event that restored the community's historical connection to the municipality, allowing for better integration and local governance.

Local Leaders of Palale
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant	Term
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman (under Palayan City 1982 - 2006)
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman (under General Tinio 2006–present)
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
Amante Powec (assassinated)	2018 - 2021
Melecia Binan Balabag (successor)	2021 - 2023
Melecia Binan Balabag	2023–present

Local Leaders of Poblacion Central
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman	Term
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
	2018 - 2023
Reynaldo P. Rivera Jr	2023–present

Local Leaders of Poblacion East
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman	Term
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
Felimon Bautista	1994 - 1997
Felino Paras	1997 - 2002
Jose Aves	2002 - 2007
Emma Abes Larete	2007 - 2010
Emma Abes Larete	2010 - 2013
Ronaldo Padolina	2013 - 2018
Harold Lex Abes Larete	2018 - 2023
Gerardo Rivera Gonzales	2023–present

Local Leaders of Poblacion West
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman	Term
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
	2018 - 2023
Narciso Fajardo Maducdoc Jr.	2023–present

Local Leaders of San Pedro
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman	Term
	1972
	1982 - 1989
Graciano Bautista Abes	1989 - 1994
Graciano Bautista Abes	1994 - 1997
Pepito R. Pangilinan	1997 - 2002
Crestito Bautista Abes	2002 - 2007
Danilo R. Delos Santos	2007 - 2010
Crestito Bautista Abes	2010 - 2013
Ricardo P. Tamayo	2013 - 2018
Eufracio Fermia Mauricio, Jr	2018 - 2023
Eufracio Fermia Mauricio, Jr	2023–present

Local Leaders of Sampaguita
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman	Term
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
	2007 - 2010
	2010 - 2013
	2013 - 2018
Donnabel Rosel Bautista	2018 - 2023
Donnabel Rosel Bautista	2023–present

Local Leaders of Pulong Matong
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman	Term
	1972
	1982 - 1989
	1989 - 1994
	1994 - 1997
Renato De Los Santos	1997 - 2002
	2002 - 2007
Casiano Dalangin	2007 - 2010
Arnold Dalangin	2010 - 2013
Arnold Dalangin	2013 - 2018
Arnold Dalangin (won as Municipal Councilor)	2018 - 2022
Macario Macatunao Labrador Jr. (sucessor)	2022 - 2025
Gary Padolina	2023–present

The town of General Tinio is deeply rooted in its cultural and religious traditions. There are more than 40 religious structures in the town. Roman Catholicism is the most prevalent religion, complemented by other denominations such as Iglesia ni Cristo, IEMELIF, Baptist, and Methodist churches, which all have dedicated followers. The town honors its patron saint, the San Isidro de Labrador, with an annual celebration every May.

General Tinio is known for its strong musical heritage, particularly in brass band performances. The town boasts the largest number of brass bands in the Philippines, with 15 organized bands actively participating in various events. These bands are highly sought after to enhance the festive atmosphere during town fiestas and traditional rites, especially during wakes. The "Family Band" is particularly well-known and has garnered numerous accolades, invitations and performances.

A statue at the Barangay San Pedro enshrines the history of brass bands in the town and it recognizes Maestro Pedro "Bigas" Manuel Bautista as the "Ama ng Musika" (Father of Music) of the town. It recognizes his influence on the youth of his time, teaching and elevating the standard of music in the area. Due to his dedication, General Tinio became known as the town having the most number of active brass bands. The resolution for the statue was initiated by the Barangay Council of San Pedro and endorsed by the Municipal Council of General Tinio in December 2002, with the statue being unveiled on November 22, 2003.

The brass band culture has become an essential pathway for many young people, especially those from poor farming families, to escape the cycle of poverty. Learning how to play musical instruments provides them with opportunities to be hired as musicians for various local events, offering an important source of income. Moreover, proficiency in playing instruments has opened doors for these individuals to secure scholarships and pursue higher education by joining the military band or police bands, where they receive free college education and a stable career. These opportunities have helped transform the lives of many aspiring musicians, allowing them to uplift their families from poverty.

The brass bands play in the town or invited in the different parts of the country mostly during fiestas, parades or during wakes and burial of deceased relatives.

Respect for the deceased and honoring those in mourning are integral parts of the town's culture, reflected in the presence of these bands during wakes. This tradition not only pays homage to those who have passed away but also provides emotional support to the bereaved families.

Wakes are usually done at home so family, friends and neighbors could share stories and commemorate the life of the one departed, console the bereaved family and allow old ties to reconnect. A brass band is usually hired, especially on the last night of the wake both to with the tunes that reminisce the life of the one that passed away. On the day of the burial, the coffin is usually brought to the church or to the cemetery by a carroza and family or friends follow by walking up to the church or cemetery which is followed by the brass band. This procession allows everyone on the trail to bid goodbye to the deceased.

The brass bands of General Tinio are sought after not only locally but throughout the country for events such as fiestas, parades, wakes, and burials. This tradition has become an integral part of the town's identity, honoring both celebrations and moments of mourning.

Aside from its vibrant musical scene, General Tinio is home to several festivals that showcase the town’s culture and history.

As the old capital of Nueva Ecija was San Isidro (1852-1912), the patron Saint Isidore's Day, on May 15 is still celebrated in some towns, eg. San Isidro and Talavera. However, the Pista ng Papaya, is celebrated for three days around May 10–12 of every year. Several cultural, sports and other activities are held including the parade of the 15 Brass Bands based on the town.

Kalamay Festival

Several areas celebrate the Pista ng Kalamay (August), a celebration that highlights the importance of "kalamay," a type of a traditional rice cake. General Tinio's Barangay Rio Chico hosts this festival features various cultural performances, cooking contests at times, and events that promote community spirit and the heritage of Rio Chico. Meanwhile, other nearby areas also celebrate this like the town of San Leonardo; Barangay Aduas, Cabanatuan City; and Barangay Pulong of San Miguel (previously part of Gapan), Bulacan.

Since Papaya and Pias were barrios of Peñaranda in the 1850's there is a distinctive celebration that is done on both towns and it is called the "Araquio" or "Curroquio"—a play performed by two casts of characters called "personajes." This theatrical tradition, sponsored by the "hermanos" of the fiesta, is believed to have been patterned after the Spanish Moro-Moro plays. The Araquio features colorful and elaborate performances, blending religion with local folklore, and has become an essential part of the celebration of the Holy Cross and other barangay festivities.

Since General Tinio has been Christianized, it also celebrates a very popular Christian celebration in the Philippines—the Santa Cruzan or Flores de Mayo. The Santa Cruzan is a religio-historical beauty pageant held in many cities, towns, and even small communities throughout the Philippines during the month of May. It is one of the most colorful aspects of the Flores de Mayo festival, depicting the finding of the True Cross by Queen Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. The event features a procession of "sagalas" (young ladies), each representing various religious symbols, dressed in elaborate gowns, walking under beautifully decorated arches. The Santa Cruzan has become a highlight of the community’s celebrations, blending religious devotion with cultural pageantry.

Barangay Concepcion celebrates this feast day on December 8 as their Barangay fiesta. It is a way of honoring Mary, particularly under her title as the Immaculate Conception. The celebration includes traditional processions, special Masses, and community gatherings. As one of the oldest Marian celebrations in the area, it brings together the local faithful to honor the Virgin Mary for her purity and role in the Christian faith.

The Feast of the Immaculate Conception highlights the town's Christian heritage and emphasizes the importance of the Virgin Mary in the community's spiritual life, similar to how other towns in the province hold their celebrations.

The fiestas in Barangay Pias and Barangay Padolina are celebrated on January 2 in honor of Santo Niño (the Holy Child Jesus). This devotion to Santo Niño de Cebu traces its roots back to 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan gifted an image of the Holy Child to Rajah Humabon (baptized as Carlos) and his wife, Hara Humamay (baptized as Juana), during their baptism as the first Christian converts in Cebu. This moment marked the beginning of the Santo Niño devotion in the Philippines, a practice that has since become deeply embedded in Filipino culture.

The Santo Niño symbolizes hope, innocence, and renewal, making it a popular figure for devotion throughout the Philippines. The devotion quickly spread, with the Augustinian friars playing a significant role in propagating the Santo Niño devotion as they expanded their missionary activities across the archipelago. They brought this devotion from Cebu, which is often referred to as the "City of Santo Niño," to Intramuros, Manila then to Central Luzon, including Gapan (part of the Province of Pampanga back then).

The celebration of Santo Niño in Barangays Pias and Padolina on January 2 is a reflection of this enduring legacy. The feast symbolizes the start of the year with blessings, hope, and communal renewal. This tradition, brought by the Augustinian missionaries, emphasizes the influence of the Santo Niño on the spiritual and cultural identity of the people of Nueva Ecija, linking the modern-day celebrations to the early efforts of Christian evangelization in the Philippines. Other nearby areas that also celebrate are the Barangay Sto. Niño, Peñaranda; Fiesta del Santo Niño de Cabanatuan in Cabanatuan, Sto. Niño de Puncan, Carranglan; Viva Sto. Niño Festival in Talavera, and The Feast of Santo Niño of San Mariano Chapel, Talavera.

The Minalungao National Park, located in General Tinio, is a popular destination for swimming, particularly during summer and on Black Saturday, when it fills with locals and visitors. The park features several caves that can be explored, and a notable stone ledge about 15 meters high serves as a natural springboard into the river below, offering a thrilling experience for visitors.

Other rivers where people can enjoy the are: Sapang Bato, Kaputatan, Penaranda river, Lambakin

Tree-planting activities are also held regularly by the local government to reforest the Sierra Madre mountains.

Biking Trail

In the Municipality of General Tinio, cockfighting, locally known as "sabong", is a popular pastime, particularly among the male population. It plays a significant role in the local culture and social gatherings. There are currently two cockpits operating in General Tinio, providing venues for both entertainment and local competitions. Cockfighting has remained a traditional activity that draws people from different barangays, creating an atmosphere of excitement and camaraderie within the community. This reflects the cultural significance of "sabong" in fostering social bonds and communal gatherings among the people of General Tinio​

• Alibangbang
• Baluko / Batwan
• Kamias
• Mangga
• Calamansi
• Santol
• Sampaloc
• Bayabas

• Minatamis na langka
• Halya
• Leche Flan

• Kalamay
• Bilo-bilo
• Sapin-sapin
• Suman sa Lihiya
• Suman sa Ibos
• Puto
• Puto Bumbong
• Bibingkang Gata
• Bibingkang Pinipig
• Bibingkang Malagkit
• Bibingka with Salted Egg

• Tinumis
• Hito sa Buho
• Kalderetang Kambing with Gata
• Buro
• Fried Cull Chicken
• Adobong Bahay Itlugan
• Biya
• Pongapong
• Katuray

Tagalog	English	Spanish (Literal Translation)
Kapag may isinuksok, may madudukot.	If you have saved something, you will have something to take out.	El que guarda cuando tiene, come cuando quiere. (He who saves when he has, eats when he wants.)
Ang taong nagigipit, sa patalim man ay kumakapit.	When you’re back is against the wall, you do what you got to do.	A la fuerza, ahorcan. (They hang you by force.)
Ang di lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay di makararating sa paroroonan.	He who does not look back at where he came from will never reach his destination.	Quien olvida su historia está condenado a repetirla. (He who forgets his history is doomed to repeat it.)
Aanhin pa ang damo kung patay na ang kabayo.	What use is the grass if the horse is already dead?	A buenas horas, mangas verdes. (Too little, too late.)
Kung ano ang itinanim, siyang aanihin.	What you sow is what you reap.	Quien siembra vientos, recoge tempestades. (He who sows the wind reaps the whirlwind.)
Ang batang lumaki sa layaw, karaniwang nagiging suwail.	Spare the rod, spoil the child.	Cría cuervos y te sacarán los ojos. (Raise crows and they will peck your eyes out.)
Habang maikli ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot.	While the blanket is short, learn to curl up.	Donde hay hambre, no hay pan duro. (Where there is hunger, no bread is too hard.)
Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika, ay higit pa sa hayop at malansang isda.	A nation that forgets its language is a nation that forgets its soul.	El idioma es la patria del alma. (Language is the homeland of the soul.)
Ang hipong tulog ay tinatangay ng agos.	A rolling stone gathers no moss.	Camarón que se duerme, se lo lleva la corriente. (A shrimp that falls asleep is carried away by the current.)
Walang matimtimang birhen sa matiyagang manalangin.	No virtuous maiden can resist a patient suitor.	El que la sigue, la consigue. (He who perseveres, succeeds.)

• 
  Town hall
• 
  Sports center
• 
  Old Santo Cristo Parish Church
• 
  New Holy Cross Parish Church
• 
  Public market
• 
  Cory Aquino memorial
• 
  Minalungao National Park
• 
  The Upper Tabuating Dam at Brgy. Nazareth

• List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines

• Philippine Standard Geographic Code
• Philippine Census Information