Gulbene (pronunciation; German: Schwanenburg) is a town in northeastern Latvia. It is an administrative center of Gulbene Municipality.

Historical documents first mention the 1224 land division act between the Order of the Sword Brothers and the Archbishop of Riga. In the 14th century, the Archbishop built a stone castle around which a populated place was formed.

The Evangelical Lutheran church (Brivības iela 13) was built on the ancient Latgalian castle mound in place of the later Middle Age brick castle from 1838.–1843. The church is built in the classical style.

Vecgulbene (Old Gulbene) estate complex was built in the middle and second half of the 19th century not far off the church. The most significant buildings are the White Palace (Brivības iela 12), the Red Palace (Parka iela 1) and the magazine granary (Brivības iela 9). Both palaces have been destroyed and rebuilt several times. Since 1924 the elementary school of the city occupies the Red Palace. Since 2004 Stradu pagasta pārvalde occupies part of the palace.

After the construction of the Stukmani to Valka narrow-gauge railway in 1903 and subsequent broad-gauge line construction during World War I, Vecgulbene was established as an important railway junction, and in 1920 it was given the rights of a small village. During the first period of Latvian independence, besides those employed by the railways, small business, trades and crafts were the most important economic activities in the town. Gulbene was heavily damaged during the last years of World War II. After the war, during the Soviet occupation, Gulbene initially became a district, and later, in 1950, a regional centre. In the 1960s and 1970s branches of several major industrial companies were established in the city. Local enterprise was mainly involved with wood processing.

The most architecturally significant building in the area is the passenger building at Gulbene railway station, built in 1926 by the well-known professor of architecture Peteris Feders (1868 – 1936). It is one of the largest and most magnificent railway station buildings in Latvia.

There is one major town in the Gulbene municipality, and the region is separated into 13 smaller rural parishes. Gulbene is being developed as an environmentally-friendly territory.

Gulbene has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). Gulbene has a cold and long winter, a warm and short summer, and a fleeting spring and autumn. Winters are often below −25 °C (−13 °F). In the cold waves of 1940, 1956, 1978, 1985 and 1987, there were low temperatures below −35 °C (−31 °F), and even extremely cold weather approaching −40 °C (−40 °F). In mid-summer there will be warm weather exceeding 25 °C (77 °F), and sometimes there will be high temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). The monthly averages range from −6 °C (21 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F), whereas all-time extremes range from −39.0 °C (−38.2 °F) on 16 January 1940 to 33.8 °C (92.8 °F) on 11 August 1992.

Within existing limits, according to CSB data.

Historical population

Year Pop. ±% 1935 3,819 —     1959 7,178 +88.0% 1970 8,722 +21.5% 1979 9,484 +8.7%	Year Pop. ±% 1989 10,346 +9.1% 2000 9,620 −7.0% 2011 8,314 −13.6% 2021 7,040 −15.3%
Source: Latvian Geospatial Information Agency

The Gulbenes Regional History and Art Museum displays one of the most valuable relics of Latvian museums - a chair designed by Julius Madernieks (1870–1955) made in the 1920s. Julius Madernieks was the founder of Latvian professional applied art born in Vecgulbenes parish and being notable person in city Gulbene.

The Gulbene municipality's biggest rivers (Gauja, Tirza and Pededze) are currently popular locations for nature tourism and water-sports, but once these were famous places for harvesting river-pearls. Cycling is enjoyed on local country paths.

Gulbene has a basketball team, Gulbenes Buki, playing in the higher division of the Latvian basketball league.

The Gulbene region is served by a newspaper, Dzirkstele.

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  Gulbene Railway Station
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  Red Castle of Gulbene
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  Building on the Vidus street in Gulbene
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  War of independence Monument in Gulbene
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  Lutheran church
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  Church of the Most Holy Sacrament
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  Gulbene Police Station
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  Park with a fountain

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• Augusts Malvess (1878–1951), architect
• Gido Kokars (1921–2017), conductor, choirmaster
• Imants Kokars (1921–2011), conductor, choirmaster
• Inguna Sudraba (born 1964), politician
• Arvis Piziks (born 1969), cyclist
• Anmary (born 1980), singer
• Madara Līduma (born 1982), biathlete
• Edgars Maskalāns (born 1982), bobsledder
• Intars Dambis (born 1983), bobsledder
• Jānis Paipals (born 1983), cross-country skier
• Daumants Dreiškens (born 1984), bobsledder
• Rolands Freimanis (born 1988), basketball player

• List of cities in Latvia