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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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HD 97658
HD 97658 is a star with an exoplanetary companion in the equatorial constellation of Leo. The star is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 7.76. It is located at a distance of 70 light years based on parallax, but is slowly drifting closer with a radial velocity of −1.6 km/s.

This is an ordinary K-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of K1V. The star has 77% of the mass and 73% of the radius of the Sun. Estimates of the star's age ranges from four to six billion years. It is spinning with a rotation period of around 39 days and shows a magnetic activity cycle of 9.6 years, which is slightly shorter than the solar cycle. The chromospheric activity is lower than average for stars of this class.

HD 97658 is radiating 35% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,212 K. The star has a low metallicity – the atmospheric abundance of elements with a higher atomic number than helium, which explains why it lies 0.46 magnitudes below average for main sequence stars of its type.

Planetary system

On November 1, 2010, a super-Earth was announced orbiting the star along with Gliese 785 b as part of the NASA-UC Eta-Earth program. The planet orbits in just under 9.5 days and was originally thought to have a minimum mass of 8.2 ± 1.2 M🜨. Spurred by the possibility of transits, additional data was acquired for less than a year which found a lower mass for the star and hence reduced the minimum mass of the planet to 6.4 ± 0.7 M🜨, and improved certainty on the time of possible transit. Transits of the planet were apparently detected and announced on September 12, 2011; this would make HD 97658 the second-to-brightest star with a transiting planet after 55 Cancri and indicating a low-density planet like Gliese 1214 b. However, the occurrence of transits was quietly retracted on April 11, 2012, and three days later it was announced that observations by the MOST space telescope could not confirm transits. Transits of radii larger than 1.87 R🜨 were ruled out.

Further transit measurements were taken in April 2012 and were confirmed with transit readings made in the following year, March and April 2013. It was determined that HD 97658 b had a diameter 2.34 times that of Earth. Using a radial velocity mass of 7.86 M🜨 and the radius measured from the transits taken in 2012 and 2013 and in early 2014, the density of the planet was calculated as 3.44 g cm. It is likely therefore that the super-Earth exoplanet HD 97658 b has a large rocky core covered with a thick layer of volatiles, either a deep ocean of water or a thick atmosphere possibly made up of a mixture of helium and hydrogen. The gravity on this exoplanet's surface is about 1.6 times greater than that of Earth's. The planetary transmission spectrum of HD 97658 b taken in 2020 have revealed presence of clouds up to millibar pressure. Although no conclusion can be made on atmosphere composition, best model fitting is obtained with hydrogen-helium envelope with carbon monoxide and methane admixture. No helium was detected at HD 97658 b in 2020 though.

The HD 97658 planetary system
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b 7.81
−0.44 M🜨 		0.0796 ± 0.0012 9.49073 ±0.00015 0.03
−0.021 		89.6 ±0.1° 2.247
−0.095 R🜨

See also

References

  1. ^ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a Constellation From a Position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99 (617): 695–699. Bibcode:1987PASP...99..695R. doi:10.1086/132034. Vizier query form
  2. ^ Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  3. ^ Henry, Gregory W.; et al. (2011). "Detection of a Transiting Low-Density Super-Earth". arXiv:1109.2549v1 [astro-ph.SR].
  4. ^ Howard, Andrew W.; et al. (2011). "The NASA-UC Eta-Earth Program. III. A Super-Earth Orbiting HD 97658 and a Neptune-mass Planet Orbiting Gl 785". The Astrophysical Journal. 730 (1). 10. arXiv:1011.0414. Bibcode:2011ApJ...730...10H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/730/1/10. S2CID 17943021.
  5. ^ Koen, C.; et al. (April 21, 2010). "UBV(RI)CJHK observations of Hipparcos-selected nearby stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 403 (4): 1949–1968. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403.1949K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16182.x.
  6. ^ Soubiran, C.; et al. (2018). "Gaia Data Release 2. The catalogue of radial velocity standard stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 616: A7. arXiv:1804.09370. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...7S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832795. S2CID 52952408.
  7. ^ Ellis, Tyler G.; et al. (2021). "Directly Determined Properties of HD 97658 from Interferometric Observations". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (3): 118. arXiv:2107.06254. Bibcode:2021AJ....162..118E. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac141a. S2CID 235829238.
  8. ^ Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012). "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation". Astronomy Letters. 38 (5): 331. arXiv:1108.4971. Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. S2CID 119257644.
  9. ^ "HD 97658". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  10. ^ Guo, Xueying; et al. (2020). "Updated Parameters and a New Transmission Spectrum of HD 97658b". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (5): 239. arXiv:2004.03601. Bibcode:2020AJ....159..239G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab8815. S2CID 215415990.
  11. ^ Henry, Gregory W.; et al. (2011). "Detection of a Transiting Low-Density Super-Earth". arXiv:1109.2549v2 [astro-ph.SR].
  12. ^ Dragomir, Diana; et al. (2012). "Non-detection of transits of the super-Earth HD 97658b with MOST photometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 759 (2): L41. arXiv:1204.3135. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L..41D. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/2/L41. S2CID 16139108.
  13. ^ Dragomir, Diana; et al. (May 2013). "MOST Detects Transits of HD 97658b, a Warm, Likely Volatile-rich Super-Earth". The Astrophysical Journal. 772 (1): L2. arXiv:1305.7260. Bibcode:2013ApJ...772L...2D. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/772/1/L2. S2CID 197487276.
  14. ^ Van Grootel, V.; et al. (1 May 2014). "Transit confirmation and improved stellar and planet parameters for the super-Earth HD 97658 b and its host star". The Astrophysical Journal. 786 (1): 2. arXiv:1402.5850. Bibcode:2014ApJ...786....2V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/2. S2CID 118777156.
  15. ^ Kasper, David; et al. (2020). "Non-detection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (6): 258. arXiv:2007.12968. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..258K. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abbee6. S2CID 220793801.


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