IIT Patna
The permanent campus of IIT Patna is located at Bihta which is approximately 30 km west of Patna and has been fully operational since 2015.
Campus
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iit_patna.jpg/220px-Iit_patna.jpg)
IIT Patna's campus is located at Amhara, Bihta, 35 km from Patna at a 501 acres (203 ha) site. The foundation stone of the IIT Patna, Bihta Campus was laid by Kapil Sibal in 2011. IIT Patna started its new session (from July 2015) in its permanent campus located at Bihta. The campus at Bihta was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25 July 2015. Earlier, the institute was operating from a temporary 10 acres (4.0 ha) complex in Pataliputra colony, Patna, in buildings which have been renovated and were previously used by the Naveen Government Polytechnic {NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PATNA -13}.
Administrative Building
This is the main building of the campus that can be viewed directly from the campus main gate. It houses all the administrative offices, the Central Library, the Directorate, offices of all the Deans and other officials.
Computer Science,Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering Block (Block 3)
The Department of Computer Science is evolving since the inception of IIT Patna in the year 2008 and employs researchers like Prof. Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Dr. Jimson Mathew, Dr. Arijit Mondal, and others. Other Departments like Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering also reside within the aegis of the department. The major research areas of the department include Communications, Signal Processing, VLSI, Electric Drives, Power Systems and Power Electronics. The department has online access to IEL, Science Direct, Springer and other online journals. Software like MATLAB and GAMS are available with the department in order to accelerate the research. Instructional laboratories for Basic Electronics, Analog Electronics Digital Electronics, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, VLSI, Electrical Machines, Power Electronics and Power Systems are fully operational.
Tutorial Block (Block 9)
All the academic lectures take place in the Tutorial Block. The five-storey building also temporarily houses the laboratories in Computer Science, Physics and Chemistry for the undergraduate students. It also has the Computer Centre of the institute with total 18 GBPS internet connections and adequate server infrastructure. Laboratories in Basic Electronics, Analog Electronics, Digital Electronics, VLSI, Control, Instrumentation and Communication are also located in this building.
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Block (Block 6)
The Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering is a newly established department, that was instituted in 2015 with the efforts of Dr. Sujoy Kumar Samanta, faculty of IIT Patna. It is located in the Block-6 of the campus. The department accepted the first batch of undergraduate students in 2016 and presently has 9 faculty members. The Block-6 houses state-of-the-art research facilities for its young and dynamic faculty members in various research fields ranging from Clean fuel production, CO2 capture and storage, Pinch analysis, Microwave-assisted heating, Process modelling and simulation to Bio-resource engineering and Wastewater treatment. The department has also set up various laboratories for its undergraduate students including Heat transfer laboratory, Mechanical Operations laboratory, Chemical Reaction Engineering laboratory, Process simulation laboratory among many others.
Science Block
The science block has classrooms, faculty rooms and laboratories for Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. These include the material science research and optics research facilities of the Physics Department, the chemistry instruments and chemistry research facilities of the Chemistry Department and the computational research facility of the Mathematics Department.
Humanities and Social Sciences Block (Block 6)
The Department of Humanities and Social Sciences is located in Block 6.
The department has also set up a Centre for Endangered Language Studies to work for the minor/ tribal/endangered languages of the state of Bihar and adjoining areas. In addition, the centre aims to collaborate with the institutes and universities of the neighbouring states to work for minor/ tribal/endangered languages along the state borders.
Mechanical Engineering Block
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/IIT_Patna_mechanical_block_back_view.jpg/220px-IIT_Patna_mechanical_block_back_view.jpg)
The Mechanical Engineering Workshop building houses all the Mechanical Engineering Laboratories, viz. Basic and Conventional Manufacturing Lab, Advanced Manufacturing Lab, CAD/CAM Lab, Dynamics Lab, Fluid Mechanics Lab, Heat and Mass Transfer Lab, Instruments and Control Lab, IC Engines Lab, Material Testing Lab, Metrology and Metallographic Lab, Robotics Lab and Polymer Engineering Lab.
Organisation and administration
Governance
All IITs follow the same organization structure which has President of India as visitor at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the IIT Council. Under the IIT Council is the board of governors of each IIT. Under the board of governors is the director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the director, in the organizational structure, comes the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director, come the deans, heads of departments, registrar.
Departments And Centres
The institute has the following Departments, which conduct research as well as provide education.
Department of Engineering And Technology
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Computer Science and Engineering
- Electrical Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
Department of Humanities And Social Sciences
- Humanities and Social Sciences
- Centre for Endangered Language Studies
Department of Basic Sciences
Academics
Undergraduate programs
IIT Patna undergraduate programs include BTech and Dual Degree programs.
IIT Patna awards Bachelor's degree in the following disciplines:
- Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering
- Bachelor of Technology in Mathematics and Computing
- Bachelor of Technology in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
- Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
- Bachelor of Technology in Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Bachelor of Technology in Chemical Engineering
- Bachelor of Technology in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
- Bachelor of Technology in Engineering Physics
- Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication engineering
- Bachelor of Technology in Chemical Science and Technology
Admission to these programs for 638 seats is through the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE)-Advanced, taken by students seeking admission into the IITs after completing 10+2 years of schooling. The Curriculum consists of eight semesters spread over four academic years. A student takes five to six theory courses in addition to laboratory courses in each semester. A student's performance is evaluated based on a credit system. Credits are allotted to each course depending on the number of lecture/tutorial/laboratory hours per week. Admission in the institution is taken by competitive exams like Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), JAM.
Postgraduate Programs
IIT Patna postgraduate programs include:
The M.tech program, started in 2012, awards degrees in following disciplines:
- Master of Technology in Mathematics and Computing
- Master of Technology in Artificial Intelligence
- Master of Technology in Mechatronics
- Master of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering
- Master of technology in Communication Systems Engineering
- Master of technology in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
- Master of Technology in Civil Engineering
- Master of Technology in VLSI and Embedded Systems
- Master of Technology in Mechanical Design
Admission to M.tech is through GATE after which an interview is held to screen the shortlisted candidates. Sponsored Candidates are not required to appear in GATE and are directly called for interview on applying for admission to MTech Program (if selected).
Started in 2009, Phd degrees are awarded by all the departments. Requirements for admission into the PhD programs include a master's degree and prior academic achievement. Students undergo an interview before gaining admission.
Rankings
University rankings | |
---|---|
General – international | |
QS (Asia) (2023) | 351–400 |
Times (World) (2023) | 801 |
General – India | |
NIRF (Overall) (2023) | 66 |
Engineering – India | |
NIRF (2023) | 41 |
Internationally, IIT Patna was ranked 351–400 in Asia in the QS Asia University Rankings of 2023. It was ranked 801 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023.
IIT Patna was ranked 41 among Engineering Colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2023 and 66 overall.
Incubation Centre IIT Patna
The Incubation Centre is supported by the Government of Bihar and the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), Ministry of Communications and IT, Government of India.
The Incubation Centre accepts applications for incubation multiple times a year. The applicants submit a 10-page business plan which is evaluated by the Project Evaluation Team, composed of eminent personalities from Industry, academia, government and investment community. Shortlisted applicants are called for a presentation before an expert panel. Based on the recommendation from the panel, the applicant are then offered admission to the incubation programme. The selected start-ups are fully supported and provided with all facilities including fully furnished office spaces, communication facilities, state of the art ESDM laboratory facilities, guidance by mentors from Angel Investors, Industry, IITP faculty, Investor Connect, Training and Development programmes, and other assistance required.
The groundbreaking ceremony for the permanent building facility of the Incubation Centre at the IIT Patna's Bihta campus was held on 24 November 2018.The Chief Guest for the ceremony was the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi.
A Class 1000 clean room (also known as ISO6 clean room), which utilizes high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA) filtration system to maintain air cleanliness level of a maximum of 1,000 particles of more than 0.5 micron per cubic meter inside air, was inaugurated inside Incubation Centre on 13 September 2023 by the state information technology minister Mohd Israil Mansuri.
Collaboration with foreign universities
The International Relations Cell at IIT Patna is responsible for the entire institute's international activity. The IR Affairs office is committed to increasing international collaboration through exchange visits, and opening up international conversations by encouraging universities stakeholders to set up joint programs, joint research and projects, faculty exchange and internships for international students.
IIT Patna has collaborated with many foreign universities like National University of Singapore (NUS), University of Houston, Texas (USA), Louisiana State University (USA), University of Hartford, Connecticut (USA), University of Missouri, Columbia (USA), University of New South Wales(Australia), University of North Texas, Denton (USA) and University of Saskatchewan(Canada).
The MoU is intended to give opportunities to BTech, MTech and PhD students and faculty from IIT Patna to go to United States, Australia, Singapore and Canada and develop their research skills and interact with people working in different areas of science and technology.
Convocation
- The convocation for the 1st batch of IIT Patna was held on 23 December 2012 when Dr APJ Abdul Kalam awarded the degrees.
- The 2nd convocation was held on 26 October 2013 when President Pranab Mukherjee awarded the degrees.
- The 3rd convocation of IIT Patna was held at the permanent campus in Bihta on 6 August 2015. 325 BTech, MTech and PhD students received degrees. Boeing India president Pratyush Kumar was the chief guest on the occasion.
- The 4th convocation was held on 6 August 2016 whose chief guest was Padma Bhushan Prof. P. Balaram,Former Director, IISc, Bangalore.
- The 5th convocation was held on 6 August 2017 whose chief guest was Padma Bhushan Shri Babasaheb Kalyani, Chairman and Managing Director of Bharat Forge.
- The 6th convocation ceremony took place on 13 September 2018, at the Gyan Bhawan, Samrat Ashok International Convention Center, Gandhi Maidan, Patna. Padma Shri awardee and scientist Shri Manas Bihari Verma was the chief guest for the occasion. IIT-Kanpur's deputy director Minanidra Agarwal and IIT-P's Board of Governors Chairman Ajai Chowdhry were the guests of honour at the event.
- The 8th convocation was held on 26 August 2021 whose chief guest was Dr. Prabhakar Raghavan, Senior Vice-President, Google.
- The 9th convocation was held on 7 December 2022 whose chief guest was Mr. Jalaj A. Dani, Chairman at Addverb Technologies Limited.
Research
The institute has set up many laboratories to conduct research in various disciplines of engineering, pure and applied sciences and humanities on campus. Research is carried out by faculty members and research scholars under the guidance of faculty members. Research work is also done at the undergraduate level usually in the fourth year of engineering. The Sponsored Research and Industrial Relations Unit (SRIRU) was established in the year 2009 to promote interactive engagement between faculty and sponsoring agencies. The institute has received grants from various sponsoring agencies like Department of Information Technology – Govt. of India, Department of Biotechnology – Govt. of India, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Department of Science And Technology – Govt. of India, CSIR, Department of Rural Development – Govt. of India, UNICEF.
Student life and culture
Facilities
Hostels
The unmarried male students of IIT Patna are accommodated in three hostels namely APJ Kalam Hostel, CV Raman Hostel and Aryabhatta Hostel which are located inside the campus. There is a separate hostel for married PhD students. For accommodation of female students a separate hostel, Asima Hostel, is available.
Medical Services
The college has a medical centre inside the campus which has an emergency doctor available all the time and specialist doctors visiting from NSMCH [1] during the day. It also has a Apollo Pharmacy where students get medicines free of cost when prescribed by the doctor.
Sports
Sports facilities like cricket and football grounds are there. Basketball, Volleyball, Tennis and Badminton courts are also available near the hostel and various clubs are formed by students for managing and improving the level of sports in the campus. And facilities for indoor games like Table tennis, Carrom etc. are also available. The college itself has an inter-college sports tournament INFINITO. Also the students participate in Inter IIT Sports Meet each year.
Banks And Post Office
The branches of State Bank of India and Canara Bank are present inside the campus for providing banking facilities inside the campus. An India Post branch is also present in the campus for providing mailing facilities inside the campus. Amazon, Flipkart and other services visit the campus daily for other delivery needs.
Food
Various canteens and food outlets are available in and around the campus. The campus also has an authorized Amul Parlor outlet. There are various restaurants in Bihta which are usually visited by the campus community. The campus also has a night canteen open up to 4 AM into the night.
Library
The Central Library of IIT Patna is one of the advanced library in terms of its collection and services. Central Library caters to the information needs of faculty members, students, research scholars as well as staff of the Institute, by offering a wide range of Information Technology (IT) based (and value added) services and products.
Societies
The Student Activity Center operates with the following societies:
- IEEE Student Branch IIT-Patna
- Science and Technology Council
- NJACK (Computer Science Club)
- Sparkonics (Electrical Engineering Club)
- SCME (Mechanical Engineering Society)
- Robotics Club
- IITP Motorsports
- ACE (Civil Engineering Society)
- CHESSx (Chemical Engineering Society)
- MatES (Materials Engineering Society)
- House of Socio-Cultural Affairs
- Pixxel (Photography Club)
- Aria (Music Club)
- Exousia (Dance Club)
- Yavanika (Dramatics Club)
- Quiz Club
- House of Oratory Talents (HOOT) (Speaking Arts)
- Syahi (Literature Club)
- Vincetroke (Fine arts club)
- Anime Club
- Hexachrome (Puzzle solving Club)
- Sports clubs (of respective sports activities)
- Bhaktivedanta Club
- Entrepreneurship Club
- Rural Technology Development Club (RTDC)
- National Service Scheme (NSS), IIT Patna
- National Sports Organisation (India), IIT Patna
Festivals
There are three major festivals that are organized in IIT Patna namely, Anwesha, Celesta and Infinito.
Anwesha, the annual techno-cultural fest of Indian Institute of Technology, Patna is held in the month of January–February every year.
Celesta, the annual techno-management fest of IIT Patna is held every year in the months of November–December.
Infinito, the annual sports fest of IIT Patna is held in the months of October–November.
Student Activity Center
The Student Activity Center is the nucleus of all student curricular and extracurricular activities. Faculties have been appointed to supervise the work and events conducted by each society.
IIT Patna Gymkhana
The Students' Gymkhana at IIT Patna is a dynamic council that leads the charge in promoting leadership, talent, and co-curricular activities among students. With elected representatives from each hostel, the Gymkhana coordinates various events and activities to bring out the best in every student.
Placements at IIT Patna
Training and Placement Cell actively engages in developing relationship with various industrial organizations and employers. The cell organises summer internships for pre-final year students and placement activities for final years students. The average job offer CTCs for 2020 was ₹13.5 lakh (US$16,000) per annum. The Highest job offer CTCs for 2020 was ₹39.5 lakh (US$47,000) per annum by Microsoft. The recent placement statistics for IIT Patna can be seen here. In 2023,147 students of IIT Patna got offers worth lakhs in the initial phase of pre-placement, 32 got packages of more than ₹30 lakhs (US$36,000).
See also
- Indian Institutes of Technology
- List of universities in India
- Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)
References
- ^ Srivastava, Abhijit (12 September 2021). "TN Singh becomes new director of IIT Patna". Careers360 2:25 p.m. IST. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
- ^ "NIRF 2022" (PDF). IIT Patna.
- ^ "Indian Institute of Technology-Patna students design customized tricycle – The Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016.
- ^ "AICTE". Aicte-india.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Acts and Statutes". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "IIT Patna has moved in its newly constructed permanent campus at Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "IIT-Patna: An island of excellence this". The Times of India. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Campus propels IIT quality focus". Archived from the original on 25 July 2015.
- ^ "Students euphoric about new campus- IIT-Patna comes up with world-class facilities". Archived from the original on 14 August 2015.
- ^ "Green ride with healthy heart". The Telegraph. India. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015.
- ^ "Kapil Sibal lays foundation of IIT-Patna campus". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017.
- ^ "Modi inaugurates IIT-Patna campus". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016.
- ^ "Modi sets IIT campus date". Archived from the original on 16 July 2015.
- ^ "PM to inaugurate Bihta IIT-P campus on July 25". The Times of India. 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016.
- ^ "Narendra Modi to inaugurate [sic] IIT-Patna new campus on 25 July". Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- ^ "IIT-Patna gets a new campus, PM Narendra modi to inaugurate [sic]". Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- ^ "Deans & Coordinators :: Administration :: The Institute :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Directorate :: Administrators :: The Institute :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Welcome to Central Library IIT Patna". library.iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Computer Center :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Chemical and Biochemical Engineering :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Faculty". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "UG Students". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Facilities". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Humanities and Social Sciences :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Centre for Endangered Language Studies". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Objectives". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "IIT Patna Indian Institute of Technology Patna Courses Offered & Contact Details, www.winentrance.com Indian Institute of Technology IIT Patna". Winentrance.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Civil Engineering :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Computer Science & Engineering. :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Electrical Engineering :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Mechanical Engineering :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Metallurgical and Materials Engineering". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Chemistry :: Basic Sciences :: Schools & Centers :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016.
- ^ "Physics :: Basic Sciences :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Mathematics :: Basic Sciences :: IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "More seats in new IITs 387 additional BTech berths on offer this year". Archived from the original on 31 July 2017.
- ^ "Admissions Through JEE-2010" (PDF). jee.iitm.ac.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2010.
- ^ "BTech". academics.iitp.ac.in. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ Kumar, Roshan (25 July 2012). "Cradle arms techies with new-age ammo". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014.
- ^ "Academic Affairs". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "IIT Patna 2012 PhD". Way2college.com. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "QS Asia University Rankings 2023". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 8 November 2022.
- ^ "World University Rankings 2023". Times Higher Education. 2022.
- ^ "National Institutional Ranking Framework 2023 (Overall)". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 5 June 2023.
- ^ "National Institutional Ranking Framework 2023 (Engineering)". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 5 June 2023.
- ^ "IIT Patna Ranking 2023".
- ^ "Apply – Incubation Centre IIT Patna". Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ "IIT-Patna: Sushil Modi, minister to lay stone of incubation centre today – Times of India". The Times of India. 24 November 2018.
- ^ "IT minister unveils Class 1000 clean room at IIT-P". The Times of India. 14 September 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ "International Relations – Indian Institute of Technology Patna".
- ^ Correspondent, Our (17 November 2012). "IIT pact with US varsity – Yahoo News India". In.news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ "IITP MOUs :: IIT Patna". Iitp.ac.in. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ B K Mishra (24 December 2012). "Produce entrepreneurs, not job-seekers: Kalam". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Degree in hand, hats go flying". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "President awards medals to IIT-Patna toppers". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013.
- ^ Roshan Kumar (5 August 2013). "Pranab chief guest at convocation". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "President to award degrees at IIT-Patna today – The Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016.
- ^ "325 IIT-Patna students get degrees at 3rd convocation". The Times of India. 7 August 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016.
- ^ "Indian Institute of Technology, Patna". iitp.ac.in. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ "IIT-Patna to award gold medals to 3 students today – Times of India". The Times of India. 13 September 2018.
- ^ "3 IIT-Patna students bag gold medals – Times of India". The Times of India. 14 September 2018.
- ^ "Best B.Tech Projects −2012". Iitp.ac.in. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "R&D Home :: Research :: IIT Patna". Iitp.ac.in. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Research Projects and Resources :: Research :: IIT Patna". Iitp.ac.in. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Hostel". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Health Center, IIT Patna". sites.google.com. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ "IIT Patna Sports". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "About". library.iitp.ac.in. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ "NJACK". GitHub.
- ^ "Sparkonics" – via Facebook.
- ^ "IITP Motorsports". iitpmotorsports.in.
- ^ "ACE IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "House of Socio-Cultural Affairs". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ https://www.facebook.com/iitp.sociocultural/
- ^ "PIXXeL IITP" – via Facebook.
- ^ "Music Club, IIT Patna" – via Facebook.
- ^ "Facebook". Retrieved 26 September 2023 – via Facebook.
- ^ "Yavanika – The Dramatics Society of IIT Patna" – via Facebook.
- ^ "Quiz Club, IIT Patna". Retrieved 5 December 2020 – via Facebook.
- ^ "Facebook". Retrieved 26 September 2023 – via Facebook.
- ^ "E-Club – IIT Patna". iitp.ac.in.
- ^ "Placement Data from Training and Placement Cell , IIT Patna (Year 2019–20)".
- ^ "IIT Patna students received job from multinational companies". Prabhat Khabar. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)