Józef Lipski
Life
Lipski trained as a lawyer, and joined the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1925. From 29 October 1934 to 1 September 1939, Lipski served as the Polish ambassador to Germany. One of his first assignments in 1934 was to work on the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact, to try to secure the border to the east in light of Poland's isolation and the build-up in both Communist Russia and Germany itself.
In late 1938, German officials approached Poland with a suggestion to resettle European Jews to Africa, inspired by the British Uganda Scheme and the Franco-Polish Madagascar Plan, and Lipski as the Polish ambassador to Germany discussed the matter with Hitler. Yohanan Cohen describes Lipski's discussion with Hitler, which took place on 21 October 1938, as "characteristic of the kinds of things that had come to dominate the Polish establishment and public were comments by Jósef Lipski." Responding to Hitler's suggestions, Lipski said that "if he can find such a solution we will erect him a beautiful monument in Warsaw". Timothy Snyder stated that "historians of these negotiations often quote Lipski's remark that Poland would build a monument to Hitler if he found a way to resolve the Jewish question. With knowledge of the Holocaust we can find this remark even more revolting than it, in fact, was. Lipski was expressing the hope that despite the overwhelming difficulties, Germany could induce some maritime power to open some overseas colony to Polish Jews. It never occurred to him that Hitler's 'resolution' could be total mass murder."
On 24 October 1938, Lipski met with German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop at Hitler's mountain retreat in Berchtesgaden. Ribbentrop demanded that Poland agree to the German annexation of the Free City of Danzig; Lipski refused. According to British historian A. J. P. Taylor, just days before the German invasion of Poland, Lipski refused to get out of bed, despite the urging of British diplomats, to meet with von Ribbentrop to hear Germany's latest demands of Poland, illustrating the Polish response to the aggressive German diplomacy. Under British pressure to negotiate a solution to the Danzig crisis, Lipski eventually phoned to ask for an interview with Ribbentrop on 31 August 1939 – the day before the invasion – but when learning that Lipski would only be present as an ambassador, rather than as a plenipotentiary, the meeting was refused. According to Taylor, the Germans were aware of Lipski's limited negotiating authority.
During the Second World War, Lipski fought as a volunteer (Polish 1st Grenadiers Division in France) and later joined the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. In 1951 Lipski moved to the USA and represented the Polish Government in Exile.
Statement by Vladimir Putin
In December 2019, during a speech given to high ranking Russian defense officials, Russian President Vladimir Putin accused Lipski of antisemitism, calling him "That bastard! That anti-Semitic pig." The remarks were condemned by Polish government officials, and Poland's Chief Rabbi, Michael Schudrich, stated that "for us Jews, it is particularly outrageous for Putin to manipulate the tone of [Lipski's comments] made in his conversation with Adolf Hitler in 1938. One shouldn't forget Poland supported the emigration of its 10 percent Jewish minority, but it did so partly in cooperation with the Zionist movement, to which it gave clandestine military support. At the same time, however, when the Third Reich expelled thousands of Polish Jews in 1938, Polish diplomatic services, including Ambassador Lipski personally, assisted them. Accusing [Lipski] of antisemitism on the basis of one sentence taken out of context is extremely irresponsible."
Professor Mariusz Wołos stated that "[Lipski's] extensive legacy... has no traces of antisemitic attitude. Lipski was not an antisemite."
See also
Notes
- ^ Feigue Cieplinski, "Poles and Jews: the Quest for Self-Determination, 1919-1934 Archived 2002-09-18 at the Wayback Machine," Binghamton Journal of History, fall 2002, last accessed 2 June 2006.
- ^ Telushkin, Joseph (2001) [1991]. Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-688-08506-3.
- ^ Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1327-1.
- ^ Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation, Yohanan Cohen, page 70, State University of New York Press
- ^ Cymet, David. "Polish state antisemitism as a major factor leading to the Holocaust." Journal of Genocide Research 1.2 (1999): 169-212.
- ^ No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry 1935-1939, Emanuel Melzer, page 143, Hebrew Union College Press
- ^ "Putin Calls Former Polish Ambassador 'Anti-Semitic Pig'". The Moscow Times. Moscow. 2019-12-25.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy (2015). Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning. London: The Bodley Head London. p. 362.
- ^ Richard Overy, The Road to War, MacMillan London: 1989
- ^ AJP Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, London: 1961
- ^ "Putin Calls Former Polish Ambassador 'Anti-Semitic Pig'". The Moscow Times. Moscow. 2019-12-25.
- ^ Rzeczpospolita (31 December 2019). "Naczelny Rabin RP i przewodnicząca Związku Gmin Wyznaniowych Żydowskich: Skandaliczna manipulacja Putina". Retrieved 1 January 2020.
Dla nas Żydów szczególnie skandaliczne jest manipulowanie przez Putina notatką ambasadora RP w Berlinie Józefa Lipskiego z jego rozmowy z Adolfem Hitlerem w 1938 roku" - czytamy. „Polska, o czym nie wolno zapominać, popierała emigrację swej 10 % żydowskiej mniejszości. Ale czyniła to po części we współpracy ruchem syjonistycznym, któremu udzielała potajemnie wojskowego wsparcia. Zarazem jednak, gdy III Rzesza wydaliła w 1938 roku tysiące polskich Żydów, polskie służby dyplomatyczne, w tym ambasador Lipski osobiście, udzielały im wsparcia. Oskarżanie go o antysemityzm na podstawie jednego zdania wyrwanego z kontekstu jest skrajnie nieodpowiedzialne.
- ^ Polish Press Agency (31 December 2010). "Prof. Mariusz Wołos: "Ambasador Józef Lipski nie był antysemitą"". Retrieved 1 January 2020.
Trzeba dodać, że w bogatej spuściźnie tego wybitnego dyplomaty nie ma jakichkolwiek śladów postawy antysemickiej. Lipski nie był antysemitą.
References
- Diplomat in Berlin, 1933-1939: Papers and Memoirs of Jozef Lipski, Ambassador of Poland, by Jozef Lipski, edited by Waclaw Jedrzejewicz. Columbia University Press, New York 1968.
