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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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Jinju Formation
The Jinju Formation (Korean: 진주층; Hanja: 晋州層; RR: Jinju-cheung) is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus. The depositional age of this formation spans from approximately 112.4 ± 1.3 to 106.5 million years ago (early Albian) based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating. It predominantly consists of black shale, with sandstone packets, deposited in a fluvial-lacustrine setting.

A diverse arthropod fauna, including freshwater arthropods, spiders, and insects, is known from the formation. Other notable fossils known from the formation include several freshwater fishes, ostracods, and plants. This formation has also "attracted global ichnological attention" for the variety of important ichnofossils. Columnar and rod-shaped stromatolites have also been found here.

Fossil content

Flora

Plants of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Cupressinocladus C. sp. The presence of this conifer indicates that a mixed type of the Tetori-Type and the Ryoseki-Type flora existed in this formation.
Ruffordia R. sp. Schizaeaceae ferns
Cladophlebis C. sp.
Sphenopteris S. sp.
Onychiopsis O. elongata leptosporangiate ferns
Brachyphyllum B. japonicum

Spiders

Spiders of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Korearachne K. jinju likely to be a lycosoid
Koreamegops K. samsiki a lagonomegopid
Jinjumegops J. dalingwateri a lagonomegopid
Mygalomorphae indeterminate
Araneomorphae indeterminate
Palpimanoidea indeterminate
"Cribellate Entelegynae"
  • "species 1"
  • "species 2"

Insects

Jinju formation consists of a diverse order of insects: Orthoptera, Homoptera, Mantodea, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Blattoidea, Hemiptera, Odonata, Mecoptera, etc.

Alienoptera

Alienopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Umenocoleus U. minimus A member of Umenocoleidae
Psedoblattapterix P. weoni
Petropterix P. koreaensis

Blattodea

Blattodeans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Rhipidioblattina
  • R. sp. cf. R. radipinguis
  • R?. sp. cf. R. jilinensis
  • R. sp. A
Mesoblattina
  • M. sp. A
  • M. sp. B
  • M. sp. C
  • M. sp. D
Samaroblatta S. sp. cf. S. rhypha
Blattula
  • B. sp. cf. B. exetenuata
  • B. sp. A
Mesoblattula M. sp.
Sclerotermes S. samsiki A termite known only from an isolated wing, uncertain placement
Indeterminate A total of 13 indeterminate species

Coleoptera

Beetles of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Coptoclava C. sp. Both nymph and adult fossils are known A member of the extinct family Coptoclavidae. Similar to C. longipoda, but assigned to a yet undescribed species since C. longipoda is usually considered to be a species complex.
Megalithomerus M. magolhalmii A member of Elateridae
Koreagrypnus K. jinju
Cretosaja C. jinjuensis A member of Silphidae
Notocupes N. premeris A member of Archostemata
Asiana A. pax
Brochocoleus B. sacheonensis A member of Ommatidae
B. cf. punctatus
Omma O. sp.
Zygadenia Z. cornigera
Laetopsia L. leei A member of Hydrophiloidea
L. cf. hydraneoides
L. sp.
Cretotaenia C. pallida

Dermaptera

Earwigs of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
cf. Pygidicranoidea indeterminate

Diptera

Flies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Buccinatormyia B. gangnami A member of the family Zhangsolvidae. Named after Gangnam Style, the famous K-Pop hit song

Hemiptera

Hemipterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Jinjupopovina J. eosahwae A member of Yuripopovinidae

Hymenoptera

Hymenopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Korehelorus K. jinjuensis A parasitic wasp belonging to the family Heloridae
Hanguksyntexis H. haeretica A sawfly belonging to the family Anaxyelidae

Odonata

Dragonflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Hemeroscopus H. baissicus

Orthoptera

Orthopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Panorpidium P. spica A member of Elcanidae

Raphidioptera

Snakeflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Mesoraphidia
  • M. koreensis
  • M. phantasma
 A member of Mesoraphidiidae

Neuroptera

Lacewings of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Tachinymphes T. koraiensis A member of the family Mesochrysopidae.
Araripeneura A. asiatica A member of Araripeneuridae
Araripenymphes A. koreicus A member of Cratosmylidae

Crustaceans

Isopoda

Isopods of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Archaeoniscus A. coreaensis A freshwater occurrence of the genus Archaeoniscus

Ostracoda

Ostracods of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Scabriculocypris S. yanbianensis Jeongcheon
Cypridea
  • C. jinjuria
  • C. khandae
  • C. samesi
 C. jinjuria in Gwanghyeon
Mongolocypris M. kohi
Lycopterocypris L. cf. celsa Jeongcheon
Candona C. sp.
Djungarica D. sp. Jeongcheon

Spinicaudata

Clam shrimps of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Yanjiestheria
  • Y. kyongsangensis
  • Y. chekiangensis
  • Y. cf. wannanensis
  • Y. jinjuensis
  • Y. sp.

Vertebrates

Source:

Actinopterygii

Fishes of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Wakinoichthys W. aokii An osteoglossiform
Jinjuichthys J. cheongi An ichthyodectiform
Albuliformes indeterminate
Sinamia S. sp. An amiiform
Lepidotes L. sp. Largest fish found in this formation, reaching 40 cm (1.3 ft) in total length.
Lepisosteiformes indeterminate
Elopiformes indeterminate A small fish, reaching 3 cm (1.2 in) in total length.

Archosauria

Reptiles of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Crocodyliformes indet. Goryeong a right mandible
Titanosauriformes indet. Sacheon and Goryeong teeth A tooth from Sacheon was initially suggested to be of Asian Brachiosaurid by Lim, Martin and Baek (2001), but Barrett et al. (2002) and Choi & Lee (2017) consider it to be indeterminate titanosauriform. Meanwhile, another tooth from Goryeong was suggested to be of Diplodocoidea by Yun et al. (2007), but Choi and Lee (2017) also considered it indeterminate titanosauriform.
Pterodactyloidea indet. Goryeong teeth While the KPE 40001 suggested to be of Boreopterid origin by Choi & Lee (2017), Yun (2021) and Yun (2024) consider them to be Anhanguerian instead based on the morphological disparity from Boreopteridae and the results of two-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses.

Mollusks

Bivalvia

Bivalves of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Plicatounio P. naktongensis
Nagdongia N. soni The genus Nagdongia is considered to be synonymous with Nakamuranaia by some.
Trigonioides T. jaehoi

Gastropoda

Gastropods of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Brotiopsis B. kobayashi Dominant gastropod of the formation
Thiara T. sp.
Viviparus V. sp.

Ichnofossils

Unnamed ichnofossils from the Jinju Formation include Ornithopod tracks and Caddisfly bioherms.

Ichnofossils of the Jinju Formation
Ichnogenus Ichnospecies Region Member Material Notes Image
Grallator Theropod track; similar to the ichnospecies G. yangi
Corpulentapus Theropod track
Asianopodus Theropod track
Dromaeosauriformipes D. rarus The smallest known non-avian dinosaur didactyl tracks possibly made by a small microraptorine, with indication of important flight behaviors such as flap-running, take-off, and landing.
Dromaeosauripus D. jinjuensis Namhae Didactyl tracks made by a 40 cm (1.3 ft) tall dromaeosaur.
Ignotornis I. seoungjoseoi Bird Track
Jindongornipes J. isp. Bird Track
Koreasaltipes K. jinjuensis Jinju Traces left by a hopping mammal
Neosauroides N. innovatus The largest reported lizard trackway in South Korea.
cf. Chelichnus Sacheon Turtle trackway; first identified as Chelonipus isp.
Ranipes indeterminate Oldest known frog trackway. Made by a species that hopped in short distances.
Crocodylopodus First report of this ichogenus from Asia.
Batrachopus B. grandis Track made by a 3 m (9.8 ft) long bipedal crocodylomorph; the pterosaur trackway ichnospecies Haenamichnus gainensis from the Haman Formation is now assigned to this species as B. cf. grandis. Paleontologist James I. Kirkland expresses doubts on the ichnogenus assignment.
Minisauripus M. isp. One of the smallest known theropod tracks. Currently the oldest record of this ichnogenus from South Korea.
Pteraichnus
  • P. gracilis
  • "P. seopoensis"
 Pterosaur trackway. P. seopoensis is currently a naked name, since it was only described in a master's thesis.
Lockeia L. gigantus Resting bivalve trace fossils
Diplichnites D. isp. Arthropod tracks
Coclichnus C. isp. Trace by Annelida tracemakers
Radialimbricatus R. bitoensis Potential tracemakers include arthropods, cnidarians or annelids
Protovirgularia P. dichotoma First nonmarine occurrence of this ichnotaxon; possibly made by larvae of dragonfly
Fictovichnus indeterminate Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber; the earliest record of an insect pupation structure probably associated with a burrow
Chondrites C. isp.
Palaeophycus P. tubularis
Helminthopsis H. hieroglyphica
Skolithos S. magnus
Taenidium T. barretti
Torrowangea T. rosei

See also

References

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  53. ^ Kang, Seung Hyeop; Buckley, Lisa G.; McCrea, Richard T.; Kim, Kyung-Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Lim, Hyun Soo; Kim, Cheong-Bin (2021). "First report of bird tracks (Ignotornis seoungjoseoi ichnosp. nov.) from the Jinju Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Sacheon City, Korea". Cretaceous Research. 127 (11): 104899. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12704899K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104899.
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  58. ^ Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Park, Hong Deock; Romilio, Anthony; Yoo, Jae Sang; Choi, Ji Won; Kim, Kyung Soo; Choi, Yeongi; Kang, Seung-Hyeop; Kim, Dong Hee; Kim, Tae Hyeong (2020-07-01). "First reports of Crocodylopodus from East Asia: implications for the paleoecology of the Lower Cretaceous". Cretaceous Research. 111: 104441. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11104441L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104441. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 216164973.
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  60. ^ Kirkland, James I. [@Paleojim] (Jun 24, 2022). "I am shocked at the degree of lumping needed to assign this ichnotaxon to Batrachopus... Over splitting is certainly a problem with tracks, but this goes a bit too far in the other direction. Otherwise a very interesting and important paper. Bipedal crocs" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  65. ^ Metz, R. (2003). "Nonmarine Cretaceous Protovirgularia: Possible Dragonfly Larva Tracemaker". Ichnos. 9 (1–2): 75–76. Bibcode:2003Ichno...9...75M. doi:10.1080/10420940190034094. S2CID 128815122.
  66. ^ Lee, Dong-Chan (2018). "Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber in a channel-fill sandstone bed of the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea". Lethaia. 51 (3): 433–443. Bibcode:2018Letha..51..433L. doi:10.1111/let.12257.
  67. ^ Kim, J.Y.; Pickerill, R. (2002). "Cretaceous Nonmarine Trace Fossils from the Hasandong and Jinju Formations of the Namhae Area, Kyongsangnamdo, Southeast Korea". Ichnos. 9 (1–2): 41–60. doi:10.1080/10420940190034076.

Bibliography

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