Jumgal Too
Geology
The geological structure of the mountain is highly complex. Its western section consists of a granite-diorite intrusion and Upper Proterozoic phyllite and quartzite formations, with thicknesses ranging from 500 to 3000 meters. The central part is primarily composed of Lower Paleozoic granites and granite-diorites. The eastern section is formed of Ordovician sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, tuffs, porphyrites, limestones, conglomerates, and other deposits, with thicknesses between 1000 and 4600 meters. In the intermontane depressions, Neogene and Quaternary sedimentary deposits are present. The mountain range contains nepheline syenite massifs, which are associated with aluminum ore deposits.
Landscapes
The mountain landscapes change according to altitude zones. At the foothills, especially on the southern slopes, there are steppe areas (feather grass and Artemisia up to 2200–2300 meters. From 2200 to 2800 meters, there are meadow-steppes (feather grass and mixed herbs) with some forested areas. Between 2800 and 3300 meters, alpine meadows and meadow-steppes prevail. Above 3300 meters, there are rocky, scree-covered subnival and nival-glacial zones. The area is used for pastures.
Climate
The climate varies by altitude and is generally continental. The average air temperature is –11.9°C in January and 12.5°C in July, with annual precipitation ranging from 300 to 400 mm.
References
- ^ Атлас Кыргызской Республики [Atlas of Kyrgyz Republic] (in Russian). Bishkek: Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR. 1987. p. 156.
- ^ "Жумгал кырка тоосу" [Jumgal Too] (PDF). Кыргызстандын Географиясы [Geography of Kyrgyzstan] (in Kyrgyz). Bishkek. 2004. p. 40.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Иссык-Куль. Нарын:Энциклопедия [Encyclopedia of Issyk-Kul and Naryn Oblasts] (in Russian). Bishkek: Chief Editorial Board of Kyrgyz Soviet Encyclopedia. 1994. p. 512. ISBN 5-89750-009-6.