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La Meseta Formation
The La Meseta Formation is a sedimentary sequence deposited during much of the Paleogene on Seymour Island off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is noted for its fossils, which include both marine organisms and the only terrestrial vertebrate fossils from the Cenozoic of Antarctica.

In some treatments, the La Meseta Formation is restricted to just the older Thanetian to Lutetian-aged strata, with the younger Bartonian to Rupelian strata treated as the overlying Submeseta Formation. However, other papers instead treat the Submeseta Formation as an allomember of the La Meseta Formation.

Description

La Meseta Formation lies unconformably on the Cretaceous Lopez de Bertodano Formation. It is an approximately 557 metres (1,827 ft) thick sequence of poorly consolidated sandstones and siltstones. The depositional environment was probably coastal, deltaic or estuarine in character. The top of the sequence is an erosional unconformity to Pleistocene glacial gravels. La Meseta Formation is one of the sequences that make up the fill of the Late Jurassic to Paleogene James Ross Basin.

Paleoenvironment

The terrestrial environment surrounding the deposition area is thought to have been a temperate polar forest, including podocarp and araucarian conifers, as well as Nothofagus. Most of the fossilized woods and flowers discovered on Seymour Islands consist of extinct species of conifer trees and lilies during warm climate.

Paleobiota

La Meseta Formation is extremely rich in fossils. Among mammals, the meridiungulata Antarctodon and Trigonostylops have been found in the formation. as well as marsupial Derorhynchidae, Microbiotheria, and polydolopimorphia. It is famous for its penguin fossils, for example the two genera Archaeospheniscus and Palaeeudyptes. Other bird fossils include Dasornis, a genus of pseudotooth birds. There is also an abundance of trace fossils. Diplocraterion, Helminthopsis, Muensteria, Oichnus, Ophiomorpha, Skolithos, Teredolites and Zapfella have been described. Over 35 species and 26 families of fish, which includes sharks, have been described from the Ypresian Cucullaea bed.

Mammals

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Meriduingulata

Astrapotheria
Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Antarctodon A. sobrali Locality DVP 2/84 and IAA 1/90. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). MLP 08-XI-30-1, an isolated right p4 or m1. An astrapothere
Trigonostylops T. sp. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). An astrapothere
Litopterna
Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Notiolofos N. arquinotiensis Locality IAA 1/13 and DPV 16/84. Acantilados II, Campamento, Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 4) and Submeseta Member (Telm 7). A Brachyodont lower right molar fragment, probably m1 or m2, preserves a portion of the talonid with most of the lingual side (MLP 13-I-25-1) and left M3 incomplete (MLP 95-I-10-6). A sparnotheriodontid litoptern.
N. regueroi Locality IAA 2/16 Lower coquina bed of Cucullaea I Allomember. IAA-PV 173, Isolated complete left m3.
Victorlemoinea V. sp. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). A sparnotheriodontid litoptern.

Cetaceans

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Basilosauridae Indeterminate
Llanocetus L. denticrenatus Locality DPV 10/84 and DVP 13/24. Unit III Member and Telm 7. A partial mandible with two teeth (specimen USNM 183022) and an endocast of the braincase. A toothed baleen whale.

Metatherians

Derorhynchidae
Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Derorhynchus D. minutus Locality IAA 1/90. Allomember Cucullaea I (Telm 5). MLP 96-1-5-44, incomplete right horizontal ramus of the dentary fragment with m2-3.
Pauladelphys P. juanjoi Locality IAA 2/95 and IAA 1/90. Allomember Cucullaea I (Telm 5). An isolated lower molar (MLP 95-1-10-2) and an upper left molar (MLP 96-1-5-44).
Xenostylos X. peninsularis Locality IAA 1/90. Allomember Cucullaea I (Telm 5). MLP 94-111-15-10, an isolated upper right molar.
Microbiotheria
Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Marambiotherium M. glacialis Locality IAA 1/90 and RV-8200. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). MLP 95-1-10-1, a fragment of a right mandibular ramus with a complete m4 and the posterior alveolus of m3 and MLP 88-1-1-1, an edentulous left mandibular ramus with the alveoli for p3-m4. A microbiothere, related to the modern monito del monte.
Woodburnodon W. casei Locality IAA 1/95. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). MLP 04-III-1-2, an isolated, worn upper right molar (M2 or M3). A microbiothere, related to the modern monito del monte.
Polydolopimorphia
Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Antarctodolops A. dailyi Locality IAA 2/95, DPV 2/84, and DPV 6/84. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). UCR 20910, a left dentary with p3-m2. A polydolopimorphian metatherian.
A. mesetaense Locality IAA 1/90 and DPV 6/84. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). Right dentary fragments.
Perrodelphys P. coquinense Locality IAA 1/90. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). MLP 96-1-5-11, an isolated left lower molar. A polydolopimorphian metatherian.
Polydolops P. dailyi Locality IAA 1/90 & DPV 3/84. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5). A polydolopimorphian metatherian.
P. seymouriensis Locality IAA 1/90 & DPV 3/84. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).
P. thomasi Locality IAA 1/90 & DPV 3/84. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).
Pujatodon P. ektopos Locality IAA 1/90. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5). Specimen MLP 14-I-10-20, a lower left molar (m2 or m3) partially worn. A polydolopimorphian metatherian.

Other mammals

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Sudamerica S. ameghinoi Locality IAA 1/90 upper level. Cucullaea I Allomember. MLP 95-I-10-5, anterior part of a left dentary with the rodent-like incisor partially preserved. A gondwanathere
Meridiolestida? Indeterminate Locality IAA 1/90 upper level. Cucullaea I Allomember. A single tooth, now lost.
Xenarthra? Indeterminate. Locality S124. Cucullaea I Allomember/ Telm 4. TMM 44190-1, left metacarpal II and A phalanx and a partial tooth

Birds

Sphenisciformes

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Anthropornis A. grandis Locality IAA 4/12, IAA 1/90, DPV 13/84, and DVP 2/84. Telm 4 member, Telm 7 member, and Submeseta Allomember. Humerus: MLP 93-X-1-4 (proximal epiphysis), MLP 82-IV-23-4 (proximal epiphysis), MLP 83-I-1-190(proximal epiphysis) and MLP 88-I-1-463(proximal epiphysis). A giant penguin.
A. nordenskjoldi Submeseta Allomember. Humerus: MLP CX-60-25 (proximal epiphysis), MLP 83-V-30-5 (diaphysis) and MLP 93-X-1-104(complete humerus).
Archaeospheniscus A. lopdelli Submeseta Allomember. A giant penguin.
A. wimani Submeseta Allomember.
Delphinornis D. arctowskii DPV 14/84 Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7). A penguin.
D. graclis DPV 14/84 Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7).
D. larseni DPV 13/84 and DPV 14/84. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5 and Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.
Marambiornis M. exilis DVP 2/84, IAA 1/12, and ZPAL 4 Telm 7 Member. A limb element (right tarsometatarsus). A penguin.
Mesetaornis M. polaris Telm 7 member. A nearly complete right femur and two distal left tibiotarsi. A penguin.
Orthopteryx O. gigas A penguin.
Palaeeudyptes P. antarcticus Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 3, Telm 4, Telm 5, and Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember. A giant penguin.
P. gunnari DVP 2/84, DVP 10/84, DVP 13/84, DVP 14/84, DVP 15/84, and ZPAL 4. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 3, Telm 5, and Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember. Multiple specimens consist of coracoids, ulna, and humerus.
P. klekowskii DVP 2/84, DVP 10/84, DVP 13/84, DVP 14/84, DVP 16/84, and ZPAL 4. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 3, Telm 5, and Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember. Several specimens consist of humerus, coracoid, ulna, and tibiotarsus.
Wimanornis W. seymourensis DPV 14/84. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember. A penguin.
Tonniornis T. mesetaensis DPV 14/84. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember. A penguin.
T. minimum DPV 14/84. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.

Other birds

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Antarctoboenus A. carlinii IAA 2/95 locality Cucullaea I Allomember MLP 95-I-10-8, distal end of left tarsometatarsus A stem falconiform.
Dasornis D. sp. A pseudotooth bird.
?Diomedeidae Indeterminate Cucullaea I Allomember A potential albatross.
Notoleptos N. giglii Submeseta III Allomember Left tarsometatarsus (MLP 12-I-20-305) An early albatross.
?Phorusrhacidae Indeterminate Locality IAA 2/13 Cucullaea I Allomember A right ungual phalanx (MLP-PV 13-XI-28-546) and an incomplete ungual phalanx (MLP-PV 14-I-10-199) A large-sized potential terror bird.
?Procellariidae Indeterminate Cucullaea I Allomember Distal end of ulna (MLP 91-II-4-6) A potential procellarid.
?Threskiornithidae Indeterminate Cucullaea II Allomember (Telm 6) A fragmentary, curved bill (IB/P/B-0698). A potential ibis.

Reptiles

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
"Psephophorus" cf. P. terrypratchetti Telm 4 Platelets, shell fragment A dermochelyid sea turtle related to modern leatherback turtles.
Testudines indet. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5) Carapace plates A non-dermochelyid turtle with a bony carapace.

Amphibians

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Calyptocephalella C. sp. Locality IAA 2/95. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5). The fragmentary right ilium (NRM-PZ B282) and a skull bone (NRM-PZ B281). A calyptocephalellid frog

Cartilaginous fish

Chimaeras

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Callorhinchus C. stahli A ploughnose chimaera.
Chimaera C. seymourensis A rabbitfish.
Ischyodus I. dolloi Upper Tooth plates A relative of ploughnose chimaeras.

Sharks

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Abdounia A. mesetae Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5) A requiem shark.
A. richteri
Anomotodon A. multidenticulata An extinct relative of goblin shark.
Carcharhinus C. sp. A requiem shark.
Centrophorus C. sp. A gulper shark.
Cetorhinus C. sp. Middle Gill raker A relative of the basking shark.
Ceolometlaouia C. pannucae A carpet shark.
Dalatias D. licha The modern kitefin shark.
Deania D. sp. A longnose dogfish.
Eodalatias E. austrinalis A dalatiid.
Galeorhinus G. mesetaensis A relative of the school shark.
G. sp. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5), Telm 6
Heptranchias H. howellii Upper lateral teeth. A relative of the sevengill shark.
Hexanchus H. sp. A relative of the sixgill shark.
Kallodentis K. rhytistemma Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5), Telm 6 A houndshark.
Lamna L. cf. nasus A relative of the porbeagle.
Macrorhizodus M. praecursor A lamnid.
Meridiogaleus M. cristatus Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5), Telm 6 A houndshark.
Mustelus M. sp. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5), Telm 6 A smooth-hound.
Notoramphoscyllium N. woodwardi A carpet shark. Initially thought to be teeth of the modern zebra shark.
Odontaspis O. winkleri A relative of the sand shark.
Otodus O. auriculatus A megatooth shark.
O. sokolovi Upper
Palaeohypotodus P. cf. rutoti A sand shark.
Paraorthacodus P. sp. A paraorthacodontid shark.
Pristiophorus P. lanceolatus Upper A sawshark.
P. laevis
Pseudoginglymostoma P. cf. P. brevicaudatum Nomen dubium.
Scoliodon S. sp. Multiple teeth. A requiem shark.
Squalus S. weltoni UCR RV-8200, Telm 4. Lower A complete lateral tooth. A dogfish.
S. woodburnei UCR RV-8200, Telm 4. Lower. A complete lateral tooth.
Squatina S. sp. Upper An angelshark.
Striatolamia S. cf. macrota Upper A sand shark.

Rays

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Marambioraja M. leiostemma Lower A skate.
Mesetaraja M. maleficapelli Lower A skate.
Myliobatis M. sp. An eagle ray.
Myliobatoidea indet. Partial spine A stingray.
Pristis P. sp. A sawfish.
Raja R. amphitrita Lower A skate.
R. manitaria

Ray-finned fish

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Labridae indet. Large lower pharyngeal tooth plate A wrasse.
Macrouridae indet. Well-preserved skull with otoliths A grenadier.
Marambionella M. andreae Articulated skeleton A clupeioid herring relative.
Mesetaichthys M. jerzmanskae Fragmentary skull bones and vertebra. An early member of the Notothenioidei, the dominant marine fish of Antarctica today. Initially assigned to the hakes.
Oplegnathus O. sp. Jaws with teeth A knifejaw, earliest record of this family.
Proeleginops P. grandeastmanorum Neurocranium An early member of the Notothenioidei.
Siluriformes indet. A catfish.
Trichiurus T. sp. Teeth A cutlassfish.
Xiphiorhynchus X. cf. sp. A relative of the swordfish.

Cephalopods

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Antarcticeras A. nordenskjoeldi NRM 8, below IAA 1/90 (Ungulate Site). Cucullaea I shell bed, Telm 4. A fragmentary preserved straight shell. An enigmatic cephalopod that is either considered a descendant of the orthocerids or an oegopsid squid.
Euciphoceras E. sp. NRM 8, below IAA 1/90 (Ungulate Site). Cucullaea I shell bed, Telm 4. A fragmentary preserved straight shell. A nautiloid.

Plants

Taxa Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Agathoxylon A. pseudoparenchymatosum Locality 5 Cucullaea I allomember Fossilized wood.
fossilized seed of Notonuphar
Cupressinoxylon C. hallei Localities 4, 5, 6 and 7. Campamento and Cucullaea I allomember. Fossilized wood.
Notonuphar N. antarctica IAA 2/95. Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5). Fossilized seeds. A water lily.
Nelumbo ? Nelumbo sp.
Protophyllocladoxylon P. francisiae
Phyllocladoxylon P. antarcticum
P. pooleae

See also

References

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Further reading

  • R. A. Askin. 1997. Eocene-?Earliest Oligocene terrestrial palynology of Seymour Island, Antarctica. : 993-996. The Antarctic Region: Geological Evolution and Processes 993-996
  • M. A. Bitner. 1991. A supposedly new brachiopod from the Paleogene of Seymour Island, West Antarctica. Polish Polar Research 12(2):243-246
  • D. B. Blake; R. B. Aronson (1998). "Eocene stelleroids (Echinodermata) at Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Journal of Paleontology. 72 (2): 339–353. Bibcode:1998JPal...72..339B. doi:10.1017/S0022336000036325.
  • M. Bond, M. A. Reguero, S. F. Vizcaino and S. A. Marenssi. 2006. A new 'South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 258:163-176
  • J. A. Case. 1988. Paleogene floras from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island Antarctic Peninsula 523-540
  • M. M. Cenizo. 2012. Review of the putative Phorusrhacidae from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of Antarctica: new records of ratites and pelagornithid birds. Polish Polar Research 33(3):225-244
  • A. L. Cione, M. de las Mercedes Azpelicueta, and D. R. Bellwood. 1995. An oplegnathid fish from the Eocene of Antarctica. Palaeontology 37(4):931-940
  • A. L. Cione and M. A. Reguero. 1994. New records of the sharks Isurus and Hexanchus from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 105:1-14
  • J. Kriwet (2005). "Additions to the Eocene Selachian Fauna of Antarctica with Comments on Antarctic Selachian Diversity". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0001:ATTESF]2.0.CO;2.
  • S. A. Marenssi, M. A. Regeuro, S. N. Santillana and S. F. Vizcaino. 1994. Eocene land mammals from Seymour Island, Antarctica: palaeobiogeographical implications. 6(1):3-15
  • I. Poole, A. M. W. Mennega, and D. J. Cantrill. 2003. Valdivian ecosystems in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of Antarctica: further evidence from myrtaceous and eucryphiaceous fossil wood. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 124:9-27
  • R. R. Pujana, S. N. Santillana, and S. A. Marenssi. 2014. Conifer fossil woods from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene of Western Antarctica): Evidence of Podocarpaceae-dominated forests. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (200)122-137
  • S. F. Vizcaino, M. A. Reguero, S. A. Marenssi and S. N. Santillana. 1997. New land mammal-bearing localities from the Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica. The Antarctic Region: Geological Evolution and Processes 997-1000
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