List Of Category 2 Pacific Hurricanes
There is a plethora of factors that influence tropical cyclogenesis, the formation of tropical cyclones, in the Northeastern Pacific. The North Pacific High and Aleutian Low, which occur from December to April, produce strong upper-level winds which prevents the formation of tropical cyclones. During the summer and early autumn months, sea surface temperatures are generally warm enough to support tropical cyclone development in the Northeast Pacific, and perhaps even rapid intensification. Additionally, El Niño events cause more powerful hurricanes to form by generating weaker wind shear and higher sea surface temperatures, while La Niña events reduce the number of such hurricanes by doing the opposite.
Background
A Category 2 hurricane is defined by the National Hurricane Center as a tropical cyclone with winds of at least 83 knots (96 mph; 154 km/h; 43 m/s), but not greater than 95 knots (109 mph; 176 km/h; 49 m/s) on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, which was developed in 1971. Sustained winds are defined by the National Hurricane Center as the average wind speed over the course of one minute at a height of 10 metres (33 ft). Category 2 hurricanes that make landfall have the potential to cause extensive damage. There is also a substantial risk of injury or death to humans and animals due to flying debris.
The Northeast Pacific tropical cyclone basin is the area of the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Date Line. The basin is further divided into the east and central Pacific sub-basins. The east Pacific is located between the western coast of North America and the 140th meridian west. The east Pacific is monitored by the National Hurricane Center, the current Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for that area. The central Pacific is located between the 140th meridian west and the International Date Line. It currently has the Central Pacific Hurricane Center as its RSMC. Tropical cyclones occur less frequently in the central Pacific than in the east Pacific, with some years featuring no systems forming or crossing into the basin. Since 1949, all tropical cyclones that have been recorded by RSMCs, both past and present, are listed in the Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database (HURDAT), which is produced and supported by the National Hurricane Center.
Tropical cyclones occurring within the Northeast Pacific before 1970 were classified into three categories: tropical depression, tropical storm, and hurricane; these were assigned intensities of 30 mph (48 km/h), 50 mph (80 km/h), and 85 mph (137 km/h) respectively. The only deviations from these procedures occurred when humans were able to take pressure and/or wind measurements. Due lack of specific wind and pressure records, there have been only two confirmed Category 2 hurricanes prior to 1970.
Climatology
In the east Pacific and central Pacific sub-basins, hurricane season begins on May 15 and June 1, respectively, with both concluding on November 30. Since 1949, a total of 84 Category 2 hurricanes have developed in the Northeast Pacific basin. Only one has occurred in the off-season: Hurricane Pali of 2016, which developed on January 7, and marks the earliest formation of a tropical cyclone in the Northeastern Pacific basin on record. In addition to Pali, 3 systems formed in May, 8 in June, 17 in July, 22 in August, 17 in September, 12 in October, and 4 in November.
The majority of tropical cyclones form and organize in areas of warm sea surface temperatures, usually of at least 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) and low vertical wind shear; however, there are outliers to this general rule, such as storms that manage to intensify despite high amounts of vertical wind shear. When a pre-existing tropical disturbance – usually a tropical wave or a disturbance originating in the Intertropical Convergence Zone – enters an area where the aforementioned conditions are present, the disturbance can develop into a tropical cyclone, provided it is far enough from the equator to experience a sufficiently strong Coriolis force, which causes the counterclockwise rotation of hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere. Between the months of December and April, sea surface temperatures in the tropics, where most Northeast Pacific tropical cyclones develop, are usually too low to support significant development. Also, the presence of a semi-permanent high-pressure area known as the North Pacific High in the eastern Pacific greatly reduces tropical cyclone development in the winter months, as the North Pacific High results in vertical wind shear that causes environmental conditions to be unconducive to tropical cyclone formation. Another factor preventing tropical cyclones from forming during the winter is the presence of a semi-permanent low-pressure area called the Aleutian Low between January and April. Its effects in the central Pacific near the 160th meridian west cause tropical waves that form in the area to move northward into the Gulf of Alaska. As the disturbances travel northward, they dissipate or transition into an extratropical cyclone. The Aleutian Low's retreat in late-April allows the warmth of the Pacific High to meander in, bringing its powerful clockwise wind circulation with it. During the month of May, the Intertropical Convergence Zone migrates southward while vertical shear over the tropics decreases. As a result, the earliest tropical waves begin to form, coinciding with the start of the eastern Pacific hurricane season on May 15. During summer and early autumn, sea surface temperatures rise further, reaching 29 °C (84 °F) in July and August, well above the 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) threshold for the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones. This allows for tropical cyclones developing during that time to strengthen significantly, perhaps even rapidly.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation also influences the frequency and intensity of hurricanes in the Northeast Pacific basin. During El Niño events, sea surface temperatures increase in the Northeast Pacific and vertical wind shear decreases. Because of this, an increase in tropical cyclone activity occurs; the opposite happens in the Atlantic basin during El Niño, where increased wind shear creates an unfavorable environment for tropical cyclone formation. Contrary to El Niño, La Niña events increase wind shear and decreases sea surface temperatures over the eastern Pacific, while reducing wind shear and increasing sea surface temperatures over the Atlantic.
Within the Northeast Pacific, the easterly trade winds cause tropical cyclones to generally move westward out into the open Pacific Ocean. Only rarely do tropical cyclones forming during the peak months of the season make landfall. Closer to the end of the season, the subtropical ridge steers some storms northwards or northeastwards. Storms influenced by this ridge may bring impacts to the western coasts of Mexico and occasionally even Central America. In the central Pacific basin, the North Pacific High keeps tropical cyclones away from the Hawaiian Islands by forcing them southwards. Combined with cooler waters around the Hawaiian Islands that tend to weaken tropical cyclones that approach them, this makes direct impacts on the Hawaiian Islands by tropical cyclones rare.
Systems
- Key
- † Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 2 then restrengthened to that classification at least once)
- ‡ Intensified past Category 2 intensity after exiting basin
- # Storm made landfall, see below for further information
- § Pressure listed was not at peak intensity
| Name | Dates as a Category 2 hurricane |
Duration (hours) |
Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Deaths | Damage (USD) |
Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two | August 13–14, 1957 | 12 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 987 hPa (29.15 inHg)§ | None | — | — | |
| Nine | September 8, 1958 | 6 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 982 hPa (29.00 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Francesca | July 3–4, 1970 | 24 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 991 hPa (29.26 inHg)§ | None | — | — | |
| Lorraine | August 22–23, 1970 | 18 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 963 hPa (28.44 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Patricia | October 6–9, 1970 | 78 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Agatha | May 24, 1971 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) | Mexico# | — | Unknown | |
| Bridget | June 16, 1971 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg)§ | Mexico# | 17 | $40 million | |
| Hilary | July 30, 1971 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Nanette | September 7, 1971 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) | Baja California Sur | — | — | |
| Diana | August 14, 1972 | 24 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 968 hPa (28.59 inHg) | Hawaii | — | $75 thousand | |
| Joanne | October 2–3, 1972 | 18 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 971 hPa (28.67 inHg) | Baja California, California, Arizona, New Mexico# | 1 | Unknown | |
| Irah | September 24–25, 1973 | 24 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Mexico, Baja California Sur# | — | Unknown | |
| Katherine | October 2, 1973 | 24 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 978 hPa (28.88 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Gretchen | July 19, 1974 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 982 hPa (29.00 inHg) | Baja California Sur | — | — | |
| Orlene | September 24, 1974 | 6 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | Mexico, Arizona# | — | — | |
| Ilsa | August 22–25, 1975 | 72 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Diana | July 18, 1976 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Kate | September 27, 1976 | 12 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 971 hPa (28.67 inHg) | Hawaii | — | — | |
| Florence | September 22, 1977 | 6 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | California | — | — | |
| John | August 25, 1978 | 6 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Kristy | August 21–22, 1978 | 42 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Andres | June 4, 1979 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | Unknown | Mexico# | 2 | Minimal | |
| Howard | August 4, 1980 | 12 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | Southern California, Baja California Peninsula | — | — | |
| Isis | August 8, 1980 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Fernanda | August 10–11, 1981 | 30 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Norman | September 14–15, 1982 | 36 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Paul | September 29–30, 1982 | 30 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | Unknown | Guatemala, El Salvador, Baja California, Northwest Mexico, United States# | 1,625 | $520 million | |
| Adolph | May 24–25, 1983 | 36 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | Unknown | Southwestern Mexico# | — | Minimal | |
| Ismael | August 11, 1983 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | Unknown | Baja California Peninsula, California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona | 5 | $19 million | |
| Cristina | June 20, 1984 | 18 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Fausto | July 5–7, 1984 | 54 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | Unknown | Baja California Sur | — | — | |
| Odile | September 22, 1984 | 12 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | Southwestern Mexico# | 21 | Unknown | |
| Waldo | October 9, 1985 | 6 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 982 hPa (29.00 inHg) | Sinaloa, New Mexico, Texas, Kansas# | 1 | Unknown | |
| Paine | October 10, 1986 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | Unknown | Mexico, inland United States# | — | Unknown | |
| Eugene | July 25, 1987 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | Unknown | Western Mexico# | 3 | $142 million | |
| Jova | August 17–18, 1987 | 12 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Peke | September 24–27, 1987 | 90 | 105 mph (165 km/h)‡ | Unknown | None | — | — | |
| Iva | August 7–9, 1988 | 42 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 968 hPa (28.59 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Lane | September 23–24, 1988 | 24 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Genevieve | July 15–16, 1990 | 30 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Vance | October 26, 1990 | 24 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Southwestern Mexico, Central America | — | — | |
| Nora | November 9–10, 1991 | 24 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Sinaloa, Nayarit | — | — | |
| Georgette | July 17–22, 1992 | 84† | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Roslyn | September 23, 1992 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Calvin | July 6–7, 1993 | 36 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 966 hPa (28.53 inHg) | Western Mexico, Baja California Sur# | 37 | $32 million | |
| Carlotta | June 30–July 2, 1994 | 54 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Kristy | August 31–September 1, 1994 | 18 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg)§ | None | — | — | |
| Rosa | October 13–14, 1994 | 18 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 974 hPa (28.76 inHg) | Mexico, Texas# | 4 | Unknown | |
| Henriette | September 4, 1995 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Northern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula# | — | Minimal | |
| Alma | June 22–24, 1996 | 42 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 969 hPa (28.61 inHg) | Western Mexico# | 20 | Unknown | |
| Rick | November 9, 1997 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | Mexico# | — | Unknown | |
| Adrian | June 20–21, 1999 | 12 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | Mexico | 6 | Minimal | |
| Eugene | August 9–10, 1999 | 42 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Aletta | May 25, 2000 | 30 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Southwestern Mexico | — | — | |
| Lane | September 10, 2000 | 24 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | Socorro Island, Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States | — | — | |
| Flossie | August 29–30, 2001 | 18 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) | Northwestern Mexico, Baja California Sur | — | Moderate | |
| Gil | September 6–7, 2001 | 18 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Douglas | July 22–23, 2002 | 30 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Ignacio | August 24–25, 2003 | 18 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Baja California Peninsula, Sonora, California# | 2 | $21 million | |
| Jimena | August 30–31, 2003 | 42 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Hawaii | — | — | |
| Marty | September 22, 2003 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Baja California Peninsula, Sonora, Sinaloa, Arizona# | 12 | $100 million | |
| Nora | October 4–5, 2003 | 30 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 969 hPa (28.61 inHg) | Mexico, Texas# | — | Minimal | |
| Hilary | August 22, 2005 | 24 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Otis | October 1, 2005 | 12 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Western Mexico, Baja California Sur | — | Minimal | |
| Hector | August 18–19, 2006 | 36 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 966 hPa (28.53 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Paul | October 23, 2006 | 12 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Oaxaca, Guerrero, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa# | 4 | $3.2 million | |
| Sergio | November 15–16, 2006 | 24 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Guerrero | — | — | |
| Elida | July 16–17, 2008 | 18 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Southwestern Mexico, Hawaii | — | — | |
| Carlos | July 15, 2009 | 12 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 971 hPa (28.67 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Irwin | October 7–8, 2011 | 12 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 976 hPa (28.82 inHg) | Western Mexico | — | — | |
| Carlotta | June 15–16, 2012 | 18 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | Southwestern Mexico# | 7 | $12.4 million | |
| Fabio | July 14–16, 2012 | 36 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 966 hPa (28.53 inHg) | Baja California Peninsula, Western United States | — | — | |
| Henriette | August 8–9, 2013 | 18 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 976 hPa (28.82 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Vance | November 3–4, 2014 | 42 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | Western Mexico, Northwestern Mexico | — | — | |
| Guillermo | July 31–August 2, 2015 | 54 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) | Hawaii, Northern California | — | — | |
| Oho | October 7, 2015 | 18 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 957 hPa (28.26 inHg) | Western Canada, Alaska | — | — | |
| Pali | January 12–13, 2016 | 12 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) | Kiribati | — | — | |
| Celia | July 11–12, 2016 | 18 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) | Hawaii | 2 | — | |
| Orlene | September 12–13, 2016 | 24 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Dora | June 26–27, 2017 | 18 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 974 hPa (28.76 inHg) | Southwestern Mexico | — | Minimal | |
| Hilary | July 25–27, 2017 | 48 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 969 hPa (28.61 inHg) | Southwestern Mexico | — | — | |
| Fabio | July 3–4, 2018 | 36 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| John | August 7–8, 2018 | 18 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States | — | — | |
| Miriam | August 31–September 1, 2018 | 6 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 974 hPa (28.76 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Elida | August 11, 2020 | 6 | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 971 hPa (28.67 inHg) | Mexico, Socorro Island | — | — | |
| Olaf | September 9, 2021 | 3 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 974 hPa (28.76 inHg) | Baja California Sur# | 1 | $10 million | |
| Rick | October 25, 2021 | 12 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) | Southwestern and Western Mexico# | 1 | $10 million | |
| Agatha | May 29–30, 2022 | 27 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | Southwestern Mexico# | 9 | $50 million | |
| Kay | September 7, 2022 | 18 | 100 mph (155 km/h) | 968 hPa (28.59 inHg) | Southwestern Mexico, Socorro Island, Baja California peninsula# | 5 | $10.6 million | |
| Adrian | June 30 – July 1, 2023 | 18 | 110 mph (175 km/h) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | None | — | — | |
| Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure: | ||||||||
Landfalls
| Month | Number of storms |
|---|---|
| May | 2
|
| June | 4
|
| July | 2
|
| August | 1
|
| September | 7
|
| October | 6
|
| November | 1
|
Out of the 83 Category 2 hurricanes in the east and central Pacific, 23 have made landfall as a tropical cyclone, collectively resulting in 27 landfalls. As tropical cyclones tend to weaken before landfall due to the effects of land interaction, only seven Category 2 hurricanes actually made landfall while still at Category 2 strength. Five storms made landfall twice each, namely Irah (1973), Paul (1982), Adolph (1983), Calvin (1993), and Marty (2003); Paul made both landfalls at Category 2 strength. No Category 2 Pacific hurricane to date has made landfall more than twice. Multiple Category 2 hurricanes made landfall only in 2 years: 1971, with two systems (Agatha and Bridget) making landfall, and 2003, with three systems (Ignacio, Marty, and Nora) making landfall.
| Name | Year | Category 2 | Category 1 | Tropical storm | Tropical depression | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agatha | 1971 | — | Guerrero state (May 24) | — | — | |
| Bridget | 1971 | — | — | Colima state (June 17) | — | |
| Joanne | 1972 | — | — | Baja California state (October 7) | — | |
| Irah | 1973 | — | Baja California Sur state (September 25) | Sinaloa state (September 26) | — | |
| Orlene | 1974 | Sinaloa state (September 24) | — | — | — | |
| Andres | 1979 | — | Guerrero state (June 4) | — | — | |
| Paul | 1982 | Baja California Sur state (September 28), Sinaloa state (September 29) | — | — | — | |
| Adolph | 1983 | — | — | Jalisco state (May 27), Sinaloa state (May 28) | — | |
| Odile | 1984 | — | — | Guerrero state (September 22) | — | |
| Waldo | 1985 | — | Sinaloa state (October 9) | — | — | |
| Paine | 1986 | — | Sinaloa state (October 2) | — | — | |
| Eugene | 1987 | — | Jalisco state (July 25) | — | — | |
| Calvin | 1993 | Jalisco state (July 7) | — | — | Baja California Sur state (July 8) | |
| Rosa | 1994 | — | Sinaloa state (October 14) | — | — | |
| Henriette | 1995 | Baja California Sur state (September 4) | — | — | — | |
| Alma | 1996 | Michoacán state (June 24) | — | — | — | |
| Rick | 1997 | — | Oaxaca state (November 10) | — | — | |
| Ignacio | 2003 | — | Baja California Sur state (August 25) | — | — | |
| Marty | 2003 | Baja California Sur state (September 22) | — | — | Sonora state (September 24) | |
| Nora | 2003 | — | — | — | Sinaloa state (October 9) | |
| Paul | 2006 | — | — | — | Sinaloa state (October 26) | |
| Carlotta | 2012 | Oaxaca state (June 16) | — | — | — | |
| Olaf | 2021 | Baja California Sur state (September 9) | — | — | — | |
| Rick | 2021 | Michoacán state (October 25) | — | — | — | |
| Agatha | 2022 | Oaxaca state (May 30) | — | — | — | |
| Kay | 2022 | — | Baja California Sur state (September 8) | — | — |
See also
- List of Eastern Pacific tropical storms
- List of Category 1 Pacific hurricanes
- List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
- List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
- List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
- List of Pacific hurricanes
- Pacific hurricane season