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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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List Of Paintings By Thomas Cole
Thomas Cole was an English-born American artist and the founder of the Hudson River School art movement. Cole is widely regarded as the first significant American landscape painter. He was known for his romantic landscape and history paintings. Influenced by European painters, but with a strong American sensibility, he was prolific throughout his career and worked primarily with oil on canvas. His paintings are typically allegoric and often depict small figures or structures set against moody and evocative natural landscapes. They are usually escapist, framing the New World as a natural eden contrasting with the smog-filled cityscapes of Industrial Revolution-era Britain, in which he grew up. His works, often seen as conservative, criticize the contemporary trends of industrialism, urbanism, and westward expansion.

Self-taught, Cole began painting portraits in 1822. In the ensuing years, he shifted his focus to landscapes. One of Cole's first landscapes, Lake with Dead Trees (1825), was among those that first popularized his works in an 1825 exhibition. Most of his early works depict the wilderness, "the truly American forest", typically the Hudson River Valley and Catskills where he resided. From 1831 to 1832, Cole traversed Italy; some of the classical ruins he visited made appearances in his paintings, such as Aqueduct near Rome (1832), Roman Campagna (1843), and Arch of Nero (1846). While in Rome, Cole formulated the concept for his most ambitious work yet: The Course of Empire, a series of five paintings following the rise and fall of civilization. Completed in 1836, the series reflects nostalgia for pastoralism and Cole's personal opposition to US President Andrew Jackson. His 1836 painting The Oxbow encompasses many of the themes from his earlier landscapes, juxtaposing untamed nature with "civilized" land. Later in life, Cole transitioned away from natural landscapes to focus more on works conveying religious or spiritual themes. In 1842, he painted The Voyage of Life, another allegorical series, this time depicting the course of an individual's life. His 1847 painting Prometheus Bound, based on the Greek myth, is believed by some analysts to express abolitionist sentiments. One of Cole's final landscapes, Cross at Sunset, was left unfinished after his premature death in 1848.

Today, Cole's work are held across a wide variety of major and national museums, with the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the National Gallery of Art having some of the largest collections. The following list consists only of paintings documented in public collections.

Paintings

Dated works

Table featuring paintings by Thomas Cole
Image Title Year Medium Dimensions Collection Ref.
Lake with Dead Trees 1825 Oil on canvas 68.6 by 85.7 centimetres (27.0 in × 33.7 in) Allen Memorial Art Museum, Ohio
View of Fort Putnam 1825 Oil on canvas 69.2 by 86.4 centimetres (27.2 in × 34.0 in) Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania
Landscape 1825 Oil on canvas 60.3 by 80 centimetres (23.7 in × 31.5 in) Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minnesota
Catskills Mountain Landscape c. 1826 Oil on wood 40.3 by 55.6 centimetres (15.9 in × 21.9 in) Sheldon Museum of Art, Nebraska
The Tempest c. 1826 Oil on panel 47.6 by 63.5 centimetres (18.7 in × 25.0 in) High Museum of Art, Georgia
Kaaterskill Falls 1826 Oil on canvas 64.2 by 89.7 centimetres (25.3 in × 35.3 in) Wadsworth Atheneum, Connecticut
Sunrise in the Catskills 1826 Oil on canvas 64.8 by 90.1 centimetres (25.5 in × 35.5 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Landscape, the Seat of Mr. Featherstonhaugh in the Distance 1826 Oil on canvas 83.8 by 121.9 centimetres (33.0 in × 48.0 in) Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania
View on the Schoharie 1826 Oil on canvas 92.7 by 117.5 centimetres (36.5 in × 46.3 in) Fenimore Art Museum, New York
Daniel Boone Sitting At the Door of His Cabin on the Great Osage Lake Kentucky 1826 Oil on canvas 97.2 by 108.3 centimetres (38.3 in × 42.6 in) Mead Art Museum, Massachusetts
From the Top of Kaaterskill Falls 1826 Oil on canvas 79.1 by 104.5 centimetres (31.1 in × 41.1 in) Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan
The Woodchopper, Lake Featherstonhaugh 1826 Oil on panel 68.6 by 86.4 centimetres (27.0 in × 34.0 in) USC Fisher Museum of Art, California
The Last of the Mohicans: The Death of Cora c. 1827 Oil on canvas Unknown University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
Peace at Sunset c. 1827 Oil on canvas 68.9 by 81.9 centimetres (27.1 in × 32.2 in) Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, California
Scene from "The Last of the Mohicans," Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund 1827 Oil on canvas 64.5 by 89.1 centimetres (25.4 in × 35.1 in) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Clove, Catskills 1827 Oil on canvas 64.1 by 89.2 centimetres (25.2 in × 35.1 in) New Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut
View of the Round-Top in the Catskill Mountains 1827 Oil on panel 47.3 by 64.5 centimetres (18.6 in × 25.4 in) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
View in the White Mountains 1827 Oil on canvas 64.5 by 89.4 centimetres (25.4 in × 35.2 in) Wadsworth Atheneum, Connecticut
Autumn in the Catskills 1827 Oil on wood 47.3 by 64.6 centimetres (18.6 in × 25.4 in) Arnot Art Museum, New York
View near the Village of Catskill 1827 Oil on panel 62.2 by 88.9 centimetres (24.5 in × 35.0 in) Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, California
Landscape Composition: Saint John in the Wilderness 1827 Oil on canvas 91.4 by 73.5 centimetres (36.0 in × 28.9 in) Wadsworth Atheneum, Connecticut
Lake Winnepesaukee c. 1827 – c. 1828 Oil on canvas 64.8 by 87 centimetres (25.5 in × 34.3 in) Albany Institute of History & Art, New York
Expulsion: Moon and Firelight c. 1828 Oil on canvas 91.4 by 122 centimetres (36.0 in × 48.0 in) Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 1828 Oil on canvas 101 by 138.4 centimetres (39.8 in × 54.5 in) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
Landscape (Landscape with Tree Trunks) 1828 Oil on canvas 66.4 by 81.9 centimetres (26.1 in × 32.2 in) Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art, Rhode Island
The Garden of Eden 1828 Oil on canvas 38.5 by 52.8 centimetres (15.2 in × 20.8 in) Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Texas
View on Lake Winnipiseogee 1828 Oil on panel 50.2 by 66.4 centimetres (19.8 in × 26.1 in) Wadsworth Atheneum, Connecticut
The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge 1829 Oil on canvas 90.8 by 121.3 centimetres (35.7 in × 47.8 in) Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
Distant View of Niagara Falls 1830 Oil on panel 47.9 by 60.6 centimetres (18.9 in × 23.9 in) Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois
Tornado in an American Forest 1831 Oil on canvas 117.8 by 164.2 centimetres (46.4 in × 64.6 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
A Wild Scene c. 1831 – c. 1832 Oil on canvas 129.7 by 194.5 centimetres (51.1 in × 76.6 in) Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland
Aqueduct near Rome 1832 Oil on canvas 44.5 by 67.3 centimetres (17.5 in × 26.5 in) Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Missouri
The Dead Abel 1832 Oil on panel 17 by 28.5 centimetres (6.7 in × 11.2 in) Albany Institute of History & Art, New York
Ruined Tower (Mediterranean Coast Scene with Tower) c. 1832 – c. 1836 Oil on composition board 68 by 86.4 centimetres (26.8 in × 34.0 in) Albany Institute of History & Art, New York
Ruined Castle and River c. 1832 Oil on canvas 20.2 by 31.7 centimetres (8.0 in × 12.5 in) Brooklyn Museum, New York
The Cascatelli, Tivoli, Looking Towards Rome c. 1832 Oil on canvas 85.7 by 113 centimetres (33.7 in × 44.5 in) Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio
A View near Tivoli (Morning) 1832 Oil on canvas 37.5 by 58.7 centimetres (14.8 in × 23.1 in) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Salvator Rosa Sketching Banditti c. 1832 – c. 1840 Oil on panel 17.8 by 24.1 centimetres (7.0 in × 9.5 in) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
Catskill Scenery c. 1833 Oil on canvas 62.2 by 82.2 centimetres (24.5 in × 32.4 in) Saint Louis Art Museum, Missouri
Sunset, View on the Catskill 1833 Oil on wood 41.9 by 62.2 centimetres (16.5 in × 24.5 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
The Titan's Goblet 1833 Oil on canvas 49.2 by 41 centimetres (19.4 in × 16.1 in) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Scene from Byron’s “Manfred” 1833 Oil on canvas 127 by 96.5 centimetres (50.0 in × 38.0 in) Yale University Art Gallery, Connecticut
Landscape (Moonlight) c. 1833 – c. 1834 Oil on canvas 62.5 by 80.6 centimetres (24.6 in × 31.7 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
The Course of Empire: Destruction c. 1833 – c. 1836 Oil on canvas 100.3 by 161.3 centimetres (39.5 in × 63.5 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds c. 1834 – c. 1834 Oil on canvas 101.5 by 185.5 centimetres (40.0 in × 73.0 in) Chrysler Museum of Art, Virginia
Autumn Twilight, View of Conway Peak (Mount Chocorua), New Hampshire 1834 Oil on wood 34.9 by 49.5 centimetres (13.7 in × 19.5 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New-England 1834 Oil on wood 35.6 by 49.5 centimetres (14.0 in × 19.5 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
Clouds c. 1838 Oil on paper laid
down on canvas 		22.2 by 27.6 centimetres (8.7 in × 10.9 in) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Self-Portrait c. 1836 Oil on canvas 55.9 by 45.7 centimetres (22.0 in × 18.0 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
The Oxbow 1836 Oil on canvas 130.8 by 193 centimetres (51.5 in × 76.0 in) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Course of Empire: The Savage State c. 1833 – c. 1836 Oil on canvas 99.7 by 160.7 centimetres (39.3 in × 63.3 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or Pastoral State c. 1834 Oil on canvas 99.7 by 160.7 centimetres (39.3 in × 63.3 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
The Course of Empire: Consummation c. 1835 – c. 1836 Oil on canvas (relined) 130.2 by 193 centimetres (51.3 in × 76.0 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
The Course of Empire: Desolation 1836 Oil on canvas (relined) 99.7 by 160.7 centimetres (39.3 in × 63.3 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
View on the Catskill Early Autumn c. 1836 – c. 1837 Oil on canvas 99.1 by 160 centimetres (39.0 in × 63.0 in) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
View of Florence from San Miniato 1837 Oil on canvas 125.4 by 186.7 centimetres (49.4 in × 73.5 in) Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio
The Departure 1837 Oil on canvas 100.3 by 161.6 centimetres (39.5 in × 63.6 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
The Return 1837 Oil on canvas 100.3 by 161.4 centimetres (39.5 in × 63.5 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
View on the Arno, near Florence 1837 Oil on canvas 84.5 by 135.5 centimetres (33.3 in × 53.3 in) Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts
The Vesper Hymn c. 1838 Oil on canvas 53.7 by 45.4 centimetres (21.1 in × 17.9 in) Yale University Art Gallery, Connecticut
Dream of Arcadia c. 1838 Oil on canvas 98.1 by 159.4 centimetres (38.6 in × 62.8 in) Denver Art Museum, Colorado
Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower 1838 Oil on canvas 86.4 by 116.8 centimetres (34.0 in × 46.0 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
View of Schroon Mountain, Essex County, New York, After a Storm 1838 Oil on canvas 99.8 by 160.5 centimetres (39.3 in × 63.2 in) The Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio
The Present 1838 Oil on canvas 103.5 by 156.5 centimetres (40.7 in × 61.6 in) Mead Art Museum, Massachusetts
The Past 1838 Oil on canvas 102.9 by 153.7 centimetres (40.5 in × 60.5 in) Mead Art Museum, Massachusetts
North Mountain and Catskill Creek 1838 Oil on canvas 67.2 by 92.6 centimetres (26.5 in × 36.5 in) Yale University Art Gallery, Connecticut
The Notch of the White Mountains 1839 Oil on canvas 102 by 155.8 centimetres (40.2 in × 61.3 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
New England Scenery 1839 Oil on canvas 57.1 by 46.7 centimetres (22.5 in × 18.4 in) Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois
Gardens of the Van Rensselaer Manor House 1840 Oil on canvas 61 by 91 centimetres (24 in × 36 in) Albany Institute of History & Art, New York
The Architect's Dream 1840 Oil on canvas 134.7 by 213.6 centimetres (53.0 in × 84.1 in) Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio
The Fountain of Vaucluse 1841 Oil on canvas 175.3 by 124.8 centimetres (69.0 in × 49.1 in) Dallas Museum of Art, Texas
Sunset in the Catskills 1841 Oil on canvas 57.2 by 76.2 centimetres (22.5 in × 30.0 in) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
The Return from the Tournament 1841 Oil on canvas 101 by 153.7 centimetres (39.8 in × 60.5 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Mill Dam on the Catskill Creek 1841 Oil on canvas 56.5 by 76.2 centimetres (22.2 in × 30.0 in) Currier Museum of Art, New Hampshire
The Temple of Segesta with the Artist Sketching c. 1842 Oil on canvas 49.9 by 76.5 centimetres (19.6 in × 30.1 in) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
The Voyage of Life: Childhood 1842 Oil on canvas 134.3 by 195.3 centimetres (52.9 in × 76.9 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
The Voyage of Life: Youth 1842 Oil on canvas 134.3 by 194.9 centimetres (52.9 in × 76.7 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
The Voyage of Life: Manhood 1842 Oil on canvas 134.3 by 202.6 centimetres (52.9 in × 79.8 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
The Voyage of Life: Old Age 1842 Oil on canvas 133.4 by 196.2 centimetres (52.5 in × 77.2 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
View of Sicily c. 1842 – c. 1845 Oil on wood panel 18.6 by 25.7 centimetres (7.3 in × 10.1 in)18.6 x 25.7 cm Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Pennsylvania
River in the Catskills 1843 Oil on canvas 69.9 by 102.6 centimetres (27.5 in × 40.4 in) Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts
Angels Ministering to Christ in the Wilderness 1843 Oil on linen 189.2 by 152.4 centimetres (74.5 in × 60.0 in) Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts
Roman Campagna 1843 Oil on canvas 82.6 by 106.7 centimetres (32.5 in × 42.0 in) Wadsworth Atheneum, Connecticut
Mount Etna from Taormina, Sicily 1843 Oil on canvas 200 by 306 centimetres (79 in × 120 in) Wadsworth Atheneum, Connecticut
An Italian Autumn 1844 Oil on canvas 81.6 by 123.2 centimetres (32.1 in × 48.5 in) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House, Catskill Mountains, Morning 1844 Oil on canvas 91 by 136.9 centimetres (35.8 in × 53.9 in) Brooklyn Museum, New York
American Lake Scene 1844 Oil on canvas 46.4 by 62.2 centimetres (18.3 in × 24.5 in) Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan
The Mill, Sunset 1844 Oil on canvas 66.4 by 91.6 centimetres (26.1 in × 36.1 in) Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Missouri
View of the Thames 1845 Oil on panel 34 by 51.4 centimetres (13.4 in × 20.2 in) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
Il Penseroso 1845 Oil on canvas 82.2 by 122.1 centimetres (32.4 in × 48.1 in) Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California
The Cross in the Wilderness 1845 Unknown 61 by 61 centimetres (24 in × 24 in) Louvre, Paris
Catskill Creek 1845 Oil on canvas 67.3 by 91.4 centimetres (26.5 in × 36.0 in) New-York Historical Society, New York
View across Frenchman's Bay from Mt. Desert Island, after a Squall 1845 Oil on canvas 97.3 by 159 centimetres (38.3 in × 62.6 in) Cincinnati Art Museum, Ohio
L'Allegro 1845 Oil on canvas 81.6 by 121.9 centimetres (32.1 in × 48.0 in) Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California
The Hunter's Return 1845 Oil on canvas 101.9 by 153.7 centimetres (40.1 in × 60.5 in) Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Texas
A Pic-Nic Party 1846 Oil on canvas 121.6 by 137.2 centimetres (47.9 in × 54.0 in) Brooklyn Museum, New York
Arch of Nero 1846 Oil on canvas 153 by 122.6 centimetres (60.2 in × 48.3 in) The Newark Museum of Art, New Jersey
The Mountain Ford 1846 Oil on canvas 71.8 by 101.8 centimetres (28.3 in × 40.1 in) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Cross and the World: The Pilgrim of the Cross at the End of His Journey c. 1846 – c. 1848 Oil on canvas 30.5 by 45.7 centimetres (12.0 in × 18.0 in) Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
Indian Pass (Essex County, New York) 1847 Oil on canvas 101.8 by 75.6 centimetres (40.1 in × 29.8 in) Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas
Prometheus Bound 1847 Oil on canvas 243.8 by 162.6 centimetres (96.0 in × 64.0 in) Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, California
Genesee Scenery 1847 Oil on canvas 130.8 by 99.7 centimetres (51.5 in × 39.3 in) Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art, Rhode Island
Home in the Woods 1847 Oil on canvas 168 by 112.7 centimetres (66.1 in × 44.4 in) Reynolda House Museum of American Art, North Carolina
The Good Shepherd 1848 Oil on canvas 81.3 by 121.9 centimetres (32.0 in × 48.0 in) Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Arkansas
Cross at Sunset c. 1848 Oil on canvas 81.8 by 122.4 centimetres (32.2 in × 48.2 in) Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid

Undated works

Table featuring paintings by Thomas Cole
Image Title Medium Dimensions Collection Ref.
Italian Landscape (formerly The Catskills from Saugerties) Oil on board 13.3 by 23.5 centimetres (5.2 in × 9.3 in) Fralin Museum of Art, Virginia
Dead Rising from Tombs Oil on thin wood board 19 by 27.5 centimetres (7.5 in × 10.8 in) Princeton University Art Museum, New Jersey
Italian Ruins, unfinished Oil on board 24.1 by 31.8 centimetres (9.5 in × 12.5 in) Thomas Cole National Historic Site, New York
Landscape, Sunrise in the Clove Oil on canvas 14 by 21.6 centimetres (5.5 in × 8.5 in) Thomas Cole National Historic Site, New York

Preparative works

See also: Study
Table featuring paintings by Thomas Cole
Image Title Year Medium Dimensions Collection Ref.
Study for The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds 1831 Oil on board 17.8 by 22.2 centimetres (7.0 in × 8.7 in) Chrysler Museum of Art, Virginia
Study for the Savage State c. 1834 Oil on canvas 18.7 by 26 centimetres (7.4 in × 10.2 in) Princeton University Art Museum, New Jersey
Sketch for The Oxbow 1836 Oil and pencil on composition board 14 by 23.8 centimetres (5.5 in × 9.4 in) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood c. 1837 – c. 1839 Oil on wooden panel 30.5 by 34.6 centimetres (12.0 in × 13.6 in) Albany Institute of History & Art, New York
Study for The Voyage of Life: Old Age c. 1837 – c. 1839 Oil on wooden panel 30.5 by 34.8 centimetres (12.0 in × 13.7 in) Albany Institute of History & Art, New York
Figure Study for The Voyage of Life: Youth c. 1839 – c. 1840 Oil and graphite on canvas 64.1 by 52.7 centimetres (25.2 in × 20.7 in) Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, New York
Figure Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood c. 1839 – c. 1840 Oil on diagonal weave canvas 26.7 by 20.5 centimetres (10.5 in × 8.1 in) Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, New York
Compositional Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood c. 1840 Oil on academy board 31.1 by 43.7 centimetres (12.2 in × 17.2 in) Smith College Museum of Art, Massachusetts
Study for Catskill Creek c. 1844 – c. 1845 Oil on panel 30.5 by 45.7 centimetres (12.0 in × 18.0 in) National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Study for The Cross and the World c. 1846 – c. 1847 Oil on panel 30.1 by 46.2 centimetres (11.9 in × 18.2 in) Brooklyn Museum, New York
Study for The Cross and the World: The Pilgrim of the World on his Journey c. 1846 – c. 1847 Oil on canvas 30 by 46 centimetres (12 in × 18 in) Albany Institute of History & Art, New York
Study for The Pilgrim of the World at the End of His Journey c. 1847 Oil on canvas 30.5 by 45.7 centimetres (12.0 in × 18.0 in) Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as Catskill
  2. ^ Also known as Evening in the White Mountains
  3. ^ Also called A Tornado in the Wilderness
  4. ^ The work was originally intended to have been a study for a larger work.
  5. ^ Also known as View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm
  6. ^ Also called Ruins of Aqueducts in the Campagna Di Roma

References

  1. ^ "Thomas Cole". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  2. ^ Genocchio, Benjamin (June 18, 2006). "In an Untamed Wilderness, Finding the Serene". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  3. ^ Cotter, Holland (March 15, 2018). "Thomas Cole, American Moralist". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  4. ^ Kornhauser, Elizabeth (January 8, 2018). "Re-examining Thomas Cole". The Magazine Antiques. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  5. ^ Parry III, Ellwood C. (Summer 1985). "Thomas Cole's "The Hunter's Return"". The American Art Journal. 17 (3): 2–17. doi:10.2307/1594431. JSTOR 1594431. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  6. ^ Truettner, William H.; Wallach, Alan (1994). Thomas Cole: Landscape into History. Yale University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-300-05850-5.
  7. ^ Weidman, J. "Modern Landscapes". Allen Memorial Art Museum. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  8. ^ "Thomas Cole's Story". Thomas Cole National Historical Site. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  9. ^ "Thomas Cole". Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  10. ^ Roque, Oswaldo Rodriguez (1982). ""The Oxbow" by Thomas Cole: Iconography of an American Landscape Painting". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 17: 63–73. doi:10.2307/1512787. JSTOR 1512787. S2CID 194070182. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  11. ^ Junker, Patricia (2000). "Thomas Cole's "Prometheus Bound:" An Allegory for the 1840s". The American Art Journal. 31 (1/2): 32–55. doi:10.2307/1594625. JSTOR 1594625. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  12. ^ "Cross at Sunset". Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  13. ^ "Lake with Dead Trees (Catskill)". Allen Memorial Art Museum. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  14. ^ "Lake with Dead Trees (Catskill)". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  15. ^ "View of Fort Putnam". Philadelphia Museum of Art. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  16. ^ "View of Fort Putnam". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  17. ^ "Landscape, 1825". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  18. ^ "Catskills Mountain Landscape". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  19. ^ "The Tempest". High Museum of Art. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  20. ^ "Kaaterskill Falls". Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  21. ^ "Sunrise in the Catskills, 1826". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  22. ^ "Landscape, the Seat of Mr. Featherstonhaugh in the Distance". Philadelphia Museum of Art. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  23. ^ "View on the Schoharie". Fenimore Art Museum. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  24. ^ "View on the Schoharie". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  25. ^ "Daniel Boone Sitting At the Door of His Cabin on the Great Osage Lake Kentucky". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  26. ^ "Daniel Boone at His Cabin at Great Osage Lake". Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  27. ^ "From the Top of Kaaterskill Falls". Detroit Institute of Arts. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  28. ^ "The Woodchopper, Lake Featherstonhaugh". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  29. ^ "The Last of the Mohicans: The Death of Cora". The Penn Art Collection. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  30. ^ "Peace at Sunset (Evening in the White Mountains)". Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  31. ^ "Scene from "The Last of the Mohicans," Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund". The Met. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  32. ^ "The Clove, Catskills". San Francisco Gate. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  33. ^ "The Clove, Catskills". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  34. ^ "View of the Round-Top in the Catskill Mountains". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  35. ^ "View in the White Mountains". White Mountain Art & Artists. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  36. ^ "Autumn in the Catskills". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  37. ^ "View near the Village of Catskill". Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  38. ^ "Landscape Composition, St. John in the Wilderness". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  39. ^ "Lake Winnepesaukee". Albany Institute of History & Art. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  40. ^ "Expulsion. Moon and Firelight". Thyssen-Bornemisza Museo Nacional. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  41. ^ "Expulsion from the Garden of Eden". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  42. ^ "Landscape (Landscape with Tree Trunks)". Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  43. ^ "The Garden of Eden". The Met. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  44. ^ "View on Lake Winnipiseogee". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  45. ^ "View on Lake Winnipiseogee". American Art Gallery. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  46. ^ "The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  47. ^ "Distant View of Niagara Falls". Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  48. ^ "A Tornado in the Wilderness". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  49. ^ "Tornado in an American Forest". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  50. ^ "A Wild Scene". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  51. ^ "Aqueduct near Rome". Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  52. ^ "The Dead Abel". Albany Institute of History & Art. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  53. ^ "Ruined Tower (Mediterranean Coast Scene with Tower)". Albany Institute of History & Art. Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  54. ^ "Ruined Castle and River". Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  55. ^ "The Cascatelli, Tivoli, Looking Towards Rome". Columbus Museum of Art. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  56. ^ "A View near Tivoli (Morning)". The Met. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  57. ^ "Salvator Rosa Sketching Banditti". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  58. ^ "Catskill Scenery". Saint Louis Art Museum. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  59. ^ "Sunset, View on the Catskill". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  60. ^ "Sunset, View on the Catskill". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  61. ^ "The Titan's Goblet". The Met. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  62. ^ "Scene from Byron's "Manfred"". Yale University Art Gallery. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  63. ^ "Landscape (Moonlight)". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  64. ^ "Landscape (Moonlight)". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  65. ^ "The Course of Empire: Destruction". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  66. ^ "The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds". Google Arts and Culture. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  67. ^ "Autumn Twilight, View of Conway Peak (Mount Chocorua), New Hampshire". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  68. ^ "Autumn Twilight, View of Corway Peak [Mount Chocorua], New Hampshire". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  69. ^ "Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New-England". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  70. ^ "Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New England". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  71. ^ "Clouds". The Met. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  72. ^ "Self-Portrait". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  73. ^ "Thomas Cole (1801–1848)". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  74. ^ "The Oxbow". The Met. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  75. ^ "The Course of Empire: The Savage State". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  76. ^ "The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or Pastoral State". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  77. ^ "The Course of Empire: Consummation". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  78. ^ "The Course of Empire: Desolation". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  79. ^ "View on the Catskill Early Autumn". The Met. Archived from the original on November 3, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  80. ^ "View of Florence". Cleveland Museum of Art. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  81. ^ "The Departure". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  82. ^ "The Return". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  83. ^ "View on the Arno, near Florence". Worcester Art Museum. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  84. ^ "The Vesper Hymn". Yale University Art Gallery. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  85. ^ "Dream of Arcadia". Denver Art Museum. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  86. ^ "Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  87. ^ "View of Schroon Mountain, Essex County, New York, After a Storm". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  88. ^ "The Present". Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Consortium. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  89. ^ "The Past". Fice Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  90. ^ "North Mountain and Catskill Creek". Yale University Art Gallery. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  91. ^ "The Notch of the White Mountains". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  92. ^ "New England Scenery". Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  93. ^ "Gardens of the Van Rensselaer Manor House". Albany Institute of History and art. Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  94. ^ "The Architect's Dream". Toledo Museum of Art. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  95. ^ "The Fountain of Vaucluse". Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  96. ^ "Sunset in the Catskills". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  97. ^ "The Return from the Tournament". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  98. ^ "Mill Dam on the Catskill Creek". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  99. ^ "The Temple of Segesta with the Artist Sketching". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  100. ^ "The Voyage of Life: Childhood". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  101. ^ "The Voyage of Life: Youth". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  102. ^ "The Voyage of Life: Manhood". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  103. ^ "The Voyage of Life: Old Age, 1842". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  104. ^ "View of Sicily". Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. 28 December 2014. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  105. ^ "River in the Catskills". Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  106. ^ "Angels Ministering to Christ in the Wilderness". Worcester Art Museum. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  107. ^ "Roman Campagna (Ruins of Aqueducts in the Campagna Di Roma)". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  108. ^ "Mount Etna from Taormina, Sicily". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  109. ^ "An Italian Autumn". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  110. ^ "A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House, Catskill Mountains, Morning". Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  111. ^ "American Lake Scene". Detroit Institute of Arts. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  112. ^ "The Mill, Sunset". Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  113. ^ "View of the Thames". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  114. ^ "Il Penseroso". Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  115. ^ "La Croix dans la solitude". Louvre Museum (in French). Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  116. ^ "La Croix dans la solitude". Louvre Museum (in French). Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  117. ^ "Catskill Creek". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  118. ^ "Catskill Creek, N.Y." New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  119. ^ "View across Frenchman's Bay from Mt. Desert Island, after a Squall". Cincinnati Art Museum. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  120. ^ "L'Allegro". Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  121. ^ "The Hunter's Return". Amon Carter Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  122. ^ "A Pic-Nic Party". Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  123. ^ "The Arch of Nero". Newark Museum. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  124. ^ "The Mountain Ford". The Met. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  125. ^ "The Cross and the World: The Pilgrim of the Cross at the End of His Journey". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  126. ^ "Indian Pass". Google Arts and Culture. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  127. ^ "Prometheus Bound". Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  128. ^ "Genesee Scenery". RISD Museum. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  129. ^ "Home in the Woods". Reynolda House Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  130. ^ "The Good Shepherd". Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  131. ^ "Italian Landscape". The Fralin Museum of Art. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  132. ^ "Dead Rising from Tombs". Princeton University Art Museum. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  133. ^ "Italian Ruins, unfinished". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  134. ^ "Landscape, Sunrise in the Clove". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  135. ^ "Study for The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds". Chrysler Museum of Art. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  136. ^ "Study for the Savage State". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  137. ^ "Sketch for View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm". The Met. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  138. ^ "Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  139. ^ "Study for The Voyage of Life: Old Age". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  140. ^ "Figure Study for The Voyage of Life: Youth". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  141. ^ "Figure Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  142. ^ "Compositional Study for the Voyage of Life: Manhood". Explore Thomas Cole. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  143. ^ "Study for Catskill Creek". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  144. ^ "Study for The Cross and the World". Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  145. ^ "Study for The Cross and the World—The Pilgrim of the World on his Journey". Albany Institute of History & Art. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  146. ^ "Study for The Pilgrim of the World at the End of His Journey". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2020.

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