Stuttering (
alalia syllabaris ), also known as stammering (
alalia literalis or
anarthria literalis ), is a
speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. The exact
etiology of stuttering is unknown; both
genetics and
neurophysiology are thought to contribute. There are many treatments and
speech-language pathology techniques available that may help increase
fluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot perceive stuttering; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present.
People who stutter include British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , orator Demosthenes , King George VI , actor James Earl Jones , US President Joe Biden , and country singer Mel Tillis . Churchill, whose stutter was particularly apparent to 1920s writers, was one of the 30% of people who stutter who have an associated speech disorder—a lisp in his case—and led his nation through World War II . Demosthenes stammered and was inarticulate as a youth, and, through dedicated practice using methods such as placing pebbles in his mouth, became a great orator of Ancient Greece. King George VI hired speech therapist Lionel Logue to enable him to speak more easily to his Empire, and Logue effectively helped him accomplish this goal. This training and its results are the focus of the 2010 film The King's Speech . James Earl Jones has stated he was mute for many years of his youth, and he became an actor noted for the power of his voice. Mel Tillis stutters when talking but not when singing. Many people had their speech impairment only during childhood.
Actors
Actor James Earl Jones in 2013
Emily Blunt in 2014 German silent film actor Bruno Kastner circa 1920 Actress Marilyn Monroe in 1953's Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
Athletes
Basketball player Wilt Chamberlain in 1959 while a Harlem Globetrotter Golfer Sophie Gustafson in 2008
Politicians
Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1942
President Joe Biden in 2021
Musicians
Blues guitarist John Lee Hooker
Country singer Mel Tillis in 2007 at the Grand Ole Opry
Writers
Writer W. Somerset Maugham in 1934 Writer Machado de Assis circa 1896 Sonia Sanchez in 1998
Others
Charles Darwin King George VI of the United Kingdom circa 1940–1946 Zoologist Alan Rabinowitz Mathematician Niccolò Tartaglia later in life
References
^ "ICD-10 F95.8 – Stuttering" . World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ Gordon, N. (2002). "Stuttering: incidence and causes". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology . 44 (4): 278–281. doi :10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00806.x . PMID 11995897 .
^ Prasse, Jane E.; Kikano, George E. (2008). "Stuttering: An Overview". American Family Physician . 77 (9): 1271–1276. PMID 18540491 . Retrieved from Academic Research Library database, (Document ID: 1468009541).
^ "Therapy Outcomes" . Stuttering Foundation. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Winston Churchill, Stutterer" . University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012 .
^ "Experts Agree That Churchill Did Stutter" . Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 20 July 2011 .
^ Mather, M.D., John. "Churchill's speech impediment was stuttering" . Winston Churchill.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011 .
^ "Demosthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica . 2002.
^ Rhodes James, Robert (1998). A Spirit Undaunted: The Political Role of George VI . London: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 98. ISBN 0-316-64765-9 .
^ Reed, Rex (22 November 2010). "Did I Stutter? The King's Speech Is the Best Movie of the Year" . New York Observer . London. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011 .
^ James Earl Jones (29 June 1996). "The Voice of Triumph" (Interview: Audio/Transcript). Interviewed by The American Academy of Achievement for the National Medal of Arts. Sun Valley, Idaho. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2011 .
^ Flint Marx, Rebecca. "James Earl Jones Biography" . All Movie Guide . Retrieved 20 July 2011 .
^ "Stammering Therapy -Does Analyzing Help Or Does It Make Stuttering Worse?" . Stop Stuttering. 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011 .
^ "Stuttering" . National Institutes of Health – National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011 .
^ Raphael, Amy (30 March 2003). "Fears of a clown" . The Guardian . London. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "10 Questions for Rowan Atkinson" . Time . 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Movie Star Talks about Stuttering" . Stuttering Foundation. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Famous People Who Stutter" . Minnesota State University – Mankato. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ Herard, Cathy (9 September 2013). "Dr Oz: Wayne Brady Stuttering Struggle & Rachael Ray Vocal Cord Cyst" . WellBuzz.com . Retrieved 12 July 2015 .
^ Reed Moran, W. (15 May 2001). "Nicholas Brendon faces down stuttering demon" . USA Today . Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Jaik Campbell: L-L-Lost for Words – My Life with a Stutter – Free" . Broadway Baby. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "I've started, so I'll finish..." BBC. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ Trubo, Richard (2001). The New Book of Knowledge – Health and Medicine . New York: Grolier. pp. 112–123. ISBN 0-7172-0608-4 . Note: This annual was also published under the title The 2001 World Book Health & Medical Annual , United States of America: 2001 World Book, Inc.
^ "Steve Harvey" . Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter . 29 September 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2021 .
^ "Der Parade-Deutsche". Der Spiegel (8): 78. 1995.
^ Zylka, Jenni (11 December 2011). "Dieter Thomas Heck: "Zigarette und Bierglas, zack. Das war schon heavy" " . Der Spiegel (in German) (8). Retrieved 5 February 2011 .
^ Braunstein, M.D., Glenn D. (28 February 2011). "Understanding Stuttering" . The Huffington Post . London. Retrieved 20 July 2011 .
^ "Javivi: Me gustaría presentar un concurso y hacerlo divertido" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2012 .
^ Staedeli, Thomas. "Bruno Kastner" . Cyranos. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011 .
^ "Famous People Who Stutter" . Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Nicole Kidman – a brief profile of high ability and complexity" . Talentdevelop.com . Retrieved 19 July 2016 .
^ "31 Years of Discovering Comedy Genius" . Fosters Edinburgh Comedy. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Drew Lynch Reflects on "America's Got Talent" Success" . WTHR. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015 .
^ "Just Asking: H-h-h-here's Johnny!" . Entertainment Weekly . 16 July 1993. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ Shana Naomi Krochmal (15 August 2012). "Lost & Found" . Out Magazine . Retrieved 21 June 2023 .
^ "Heartfelt interview was no act for Sam Neill" . British Stammering Association. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Rosie Perez Biography" . A & E Networks. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014 .
^ "Bollywood Star Talks About His Stuttering" . Stuttering Help. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2014 .
^ "People Index" . Box Office Mojo . 5 February 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "The Sprouse Twins, 17 – Young and minted: teens who struck it big" . MSN Money. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ Palin, Michael (11 February 2011). "The King's Speech" . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 August 2012 .
^ Sullivan, Tom (2003). Seeing Lessons: 14 Life Secrets I've Learned Along the Way . John Wiley & Sons. p. 96. ISBN 9780471263562 .
^ "Famous People Who Stutter" . Stuttering Foundation. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2015 .
^ "Famous People – Speech Differences and Stutter" . Disabled World. Retrieved 5 January 2015 .
^ "Claude Rains movies: 15 greatest films ranked from worst to best" . Gold Derby. 3 November 2023.
^ "The Untold Truth Of Bob Newhart" . Nicki Swift . 29 July 2021.
^ Walsh, Mike, Jeanne Little sees a hypnotist for her stutter
^ Shell, Mark (2005). Stutter . Harvard University. pp. 86–87. ISBN 9780674019379 .
^ Blanc, Mel (1989). That's Not All Folks! . Warner Books. p. 66. ISBN 9780446512442 .
^ Morley, Nathan (2021). Disney's British Gentleman: The Life and Career of David Tomlinson . History Press. ISBN 978-0750993302 .
^ "David Tomlinson Biography" . Lenin Imports. Retrieved 19 September 2024 .
^ Howerd mentioned his youthful stutter in a revealing BBC broadcast of Desert Island Discs , Jan. 1982, rebroadcast in April 2012 in the three-hour Howerd's Ways: the Radio Times of Frankie Howerd https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01gvwzh
^ Howerd, Frankie (1976) On the Way I Lost It , W.H. Allen, ISBN 0-491-01807-X
^ "Louis Jouvet | French actor and director" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 31 March 2021 .
^ "TRIBUTE TO NICHOLAS PARSONS CBE (1923-2020)" . STAMMA. 28 January 2020.
^ "My son, the actor" . The Scotsman – 26 April 2004. 26 April 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2015 .
^ Nollen, Scott A.; Karloff, Sara Jane (1999). Boris Karloff: A Gentleman's Life . Baltimore, MD: Midnight Marquee Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-887664-23-3 .
^ "Philip Lowrie — RADA" . www.rada.ac.uk .
^ Nelson, Nicole (3 August 2020). "Meet an "Amazing" Who Succeeds As An Actor Despite A Stammer" . Patch .
^ Shorter, Eric (22 January 2008). "Obituary - Don Fellows" . The Guardian .
^ "Warrior talk" . British Stammering Association. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ Greenberger, Robert (2002). Wilt Chamberlain . New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 0-8239-3486-1 .
^ Lapointe, Joe (25 September 2004). "Meet the Mane Attraction of the Boston Red Sox" . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ Barron, David (31 July 2004). "Having overcome chronic sinus problems and a speech defect, Lester Hayes reflects on a career he credits to Al Davis and stickum" . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ "Bo Knows Best" . ESPN. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ "Communicating in Brief But Bold Strokes" . Retrieved 7 September 2018 .
^ "Kentucky's Michael Kidd-Gilchrist no longer bothered by his stuttering" . 26 June 2012.
^ "New York Jets Cornerback Ellis Lankster Honored by Stuttering Foundation: Fan Perspective" .
^ "Documentary shares Bob Love's story" . Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ "Mason Massey shines light on personal journey for International Stuttering Awareness Day" . NASCAR . 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2024 .
^ "Xfinity Driver Threw A Race Because Of His Stutter" . Autoweek . 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2024 .
^ Darling, Ron (2019). 108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game . St. Martin's Press. p. 148. ISBN 9781250184399 . Retrieved 26 September 2019 .
^ Kurkjian, Tim (2007). Is This a Great Game, Or What?: From A-Rod's Heart to Zim's Head--My 25 Years in Baseball . Macmillan. p. 67. ISBN 9780312362232 . Retrieved 26 September 2019 .
^ "Astros rookie didn't let stutter throw him a curve" . Houston Chronicle . 26 May 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014 .
^ "Despite a stuttering problem, Chargers return man Sproles is ... Speaking Loudly" . North County Times . 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ Leon, Masha. "Smooth Sailing for Stuttering Gala Maiden Voyage Aboard the QM2" . Jewish Daily Forward . Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "My Shot: Ken Venturi" . Golf Digest . December 2004. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ "Therapy and Self-Therapy for Stuttering" . Veils of Stuttering. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ Schorn, Daniel (2 December 2009). "Tiger Woods Up Close And Personal" . CBS 60 Minutes. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ Gambino, Simeone (23 July 2014). "Ten things you don't know about James Rodriguez" . Goal.com. Retrieved 13 May 2015 .
^ Anderson, Jon (24 September 2008). "1978 VFL Grand Final: A lesson in positive thinking" . The Courier Mail . Retrieved 16 March 2020 .
^ Jarlath Regan (1 June 2018). "Eamonn Coghlan" . An Irishman Abroad (Podcast) (246 ed.). SoundCloud . Event occurs at 33m. Retrieved 6 June 2018 .
^ Smith, Jennifer (13 July 2018). " 'Nothing ever comes easy.' That lesson has forged a potential UK superstar" . Lexington Herald-Leader .
^ "Seattle Times Obituary of Hostak" . Seattle Times . Retrieved 6 July 2018 .
^ "Ed Balls talks about his stammer" . British Stammering Association. March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Politics and Stuttering Mix Well" . Stuttering Foundation. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ Ekman, Monica (23 August 2008). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Joe Biden" . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Claudius". Encyclopædia Britannica . 2002.
^ Suetonius (1979). The Twelve Caesars . Robert Graves, trans. London: Penguin Books. p. 38 . ISBN 0-14-044072-0 .
^ "School days were not happy for Proinsias De Rossa. Discipline was important, but did it have to be so brutal?" . The Irish Times . 14 January 1997. Retrieved 10 November 2021 .
^ " "Wado" De Pedro, el líder de La Cámpora que construyó su propio poder bajo el paraguas de Cristina Kirchner" . Infobae (in Spanish). 6 December 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020 .
^ Siemaszko, Corky (1 March 2011). " 'The King's Speech' has special meaning to former NJ Gov. Thomas Kean, who struggled with stuttering" . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "The black woman with a stutter who changed the course of Portugal's history" . Agencia EFE . 10 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019 .
^ Gangadhar, V. "Always Time For a Laugh" . Outlook India . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Presidenttiehdokas Matti Vanhanen ja vaalit 2006" (in Finnish). Peda.net. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ Bloy, Marjorie. "John Wilson Croker (1780-1857)" . A Web of English History .
^ Blumenthal, Ralph (26 December 1989). "UPHEAVAL IN THE EAST: OBITUARY; The Ceausescus: 24 Years of Fierce Repression, Isolation and Independence" . The New York Times .
^
"Obituary: Dennison, William Donald". The Toronto Star . 4 May 1981. p. B11.
^ Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891 . Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0 .
^ "PONSONBY, John William, Visct. Duncannon (1781-1847)" . historyofparliament.org . Retrieved 13 January 2024 .
^ Burston, Paul (29 May 2007). "Marc Almond: Interview" . TimeOut. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ Sutcliffe, Tom (3 March 1995). "A life in words and music". The Times .
^ "Sing You Home Again" . Brian Dunphy . 17 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021 .
^ Harris, John (2004). Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock . Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-306-81367-X .
^ Waggott, Gina. "Book reviews: Gareth Gates – Right From the Start" . British Stammering Association. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "John Lee Hooker" . The Stuttering Foundation. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2021 .
^ "The Stutter and the Scat Is The Same Thing" . Minnesota State University – Mankato. Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
^ "Tough Questions for Peter Murphy" . Spin Magazine . Retrieved 28 August 2011 .
^ McGowan, Joseph (2002). "Notker Balbulus (The Stammerer) (c. 840–912)". In Schulman, Jana K. (ed.). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary . Westport: Greenwood Press . p. 314. ISBN 978-0-313-30817-8 .
^ "Ozzy Osbourne on speech impediments and paranoia" . The Times . Retrieved 23 January 2011 .
^ Donaldson James, Susan (1 May 2009). "Not So Vain: Carly Simon's Panicky Past" . ABC News . Retrieved 10 November 2021 .
^ "An almost famous singer" . The Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 4 June 2011 .
^ "Meet Mel Tillis" . Mel Tillis.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ Greene, Andy (14 April 2015). "Bill Withers: The Soul Man Who Walked Away" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 26 August 2015 .
^ "Biography, Awards and Credits" . Billwithersmusic.com . 8 July 1972. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011 .
^ "Australian Story – Talk Of The Town 7 July 2014" . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014 .
^ "Singer Andrae Crouch, also a pastor, dies at 72" . The Columbus Dispatch .
^ Aijaz, Rahul (21 July 2018). "Why we need to talk about Adil Omar" . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 16 September 2022 .
^ "Opera star Robert Merrill dies at 85" . USA Today . 26 October 2004. Retrieved 8 August 2017 .
^ Terence Dackomb, "Chris Rainbow" Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine , The Rocking Vicar , 2 July 2012, accessed 17 March 2015; Tobe Richards, "Chris Rainbow" , Stuttering Didn't Stop Them! Famous People Who Stutter From Around The World , accessed 17 March 2015.
^ Katz, David (2000), People Funny Boy - The Genius of Lee "Scratch" Perry , Payback Press, ISBN 0-86241-854-2
^ Cullen, Frank (2007). "Maxine Feldman" . Vaudeville, Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America . New York [u.a.]: Routledge. pp. 372–375. ISBN 978-0-415-93853-2 .
^ Pine, Dan (23 September 2005). "Israeli singer blends modern music with ancient Hebrew" . The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved 19 September 2024 .
^ "Harrison Craig has more to thank The Voice for than just victory after gaining the confidence to battle his stutter" . couriermail.com.au . 18 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013 .
^ Ward, Marshall (2 April 2013). "The Heart of Ann Wilson" . Rock Cellar Magazine . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015 .
^ "Cartoonist Jim Davis-The Man Behind Garfield" . American Profile. 8 March 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ Lima, E. M. (2009). "Machado de Assis and psychiatry: a chapter in the relations between art and clinical practice in Brazil" (PDF) . História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos . 16 (3). Scientific Electronic Library Online: 641–654. doi :10.1590/S0104-59702009000300004 . PMID 20614668 .
^ "Public Speech and Public Silence" . British Stammering Association. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ "Essayist, nature writer Hoagland due in San Francisco" . University of California – Davis, Davis Community Network. 28 January 1996. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ Jones, Dylan (17 October 2006). "Why I hate the letter D" . The Guardian . London. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ "The Rules For Mastering a Stammer" . British Stammering Association. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ "My stammer is a secret informant" . British Stammering Association. Archived from the original on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2011 .
^ "Q&A – Oscar Nominee David Seidler Overcame His Stutter on the Road to The King's Speech" . filmcritic . 31 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011.
^ "Katherine Preston" . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved 20 April 2018 .
^ "I Talk Like a River by Jordan Scott: 9780823445592 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books" . PenguinRandomhouse.com . Retrieved 7 December 2020 .
^ Dingemann, Rüdiger (13 July 2017). "Eine außergewöhnliche Radiosendung" . Perlentaucher .
^ Tracy Wilson & Holly Frey (November 2013). "Audre Lorde P.1" . Stuff You Missed In History Class (Podcast). IHeartRadio.
^ Dando-Collins, Stephen (2016). The Hero Maker: A Biography of Paul Brickhill (Paperback). Sydney: Penguin Random House Australia. ISBN 978-0-85798-812-6 .
^ "Broadcasting with the King's Microphone" . BBC News . 27 February 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011 .
^ Trewin, Ion (1 March 2017). "Nicholas Mosley obituary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 August 2023 .
^ "Robert Hugh Benson" . archives.nd.edu .
^ Scarano, Júlia Maria Leonor (1969). Grandes Personagens da Nossa História . São Paulo: Abril Cultural. p. 770
^ Compton, David (1993). Stammering: its nature, history, causes and cures . London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340562749 .
^ "CIS: Rediscovering the crime novels of Desmond Bagley » CRIME FICTION LOVER" . crimefictionlover.com . 16 September 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2018 .
^ Blackhurst, Chris (5 December 2007). "Playing to his strengths, the Beverly Hills Brit who's a self-help god" . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 11 February 2015 .
^ Lamb, Charles (1896). Ainger, Alfred (ed.). Essays of Elia . NY: MacMillan & co. p. 339.
^ Smith, Homer W. (1952). Man and His Gods . New York: Grosset & Dunlap . p. 451.
^ Rees, Jasper (24 August 1997). "Jimmy's As Deep As They Come" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2021 .
^ "Sonia Sanchez" . Stamma . 18 October 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2023 .
^ Torres, Alexus (17 November 2022). "Feminist Theorist Thursdays: Sonia Sanchez" . FEM Magazine . UCLA. Retrieved 12 August 2023 .
^ Gates, Henry Louis , and Valerie Smith (eds), The Norton Anthology of African American Literature . W.W. Norton & Company, 2014 (Third edition).
^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 28.
^ "Battle of Sicily: A Matter of Days" . Time . 9 August 1943. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011 .
^ Grace Glueck (2 October 2002). "Walter Annenberg, 94, Dies; Philanthropist and Publisher" . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 October 2014 .
^ Severo, Richard (17 April 1991). "Homer Bigart, Acclaimed Reporter, Dies" . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 July 2011 .
^ "Charles S. Bluemel" . University of Minnesota, Mankato : College of Allied Health and Nursing . Archived from the original on 3 June 2021.
^ van der Vat, Dan (12 December 2001). "Field Marshal Lord Carver" . Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2011 .
^ Dutton, Ralph (1963). English Court Life: From Henry VII to George II . London: B. T. Batsford. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-4058-5903-5 .
^ Doty, Laura. "Famous People Who Stutter" . Minnesota State University – Duluth. Archived from the original on 23 August 2000. Retrieved 18 July 2011 .
^ Michelet, Jules (1857). Histoire de France au seizième siècle, vol. 8 . Paris: Camerot. p. 418.
^ Fraser, Jane (23 August 1998). "Stuttering Foundation of America – Looking Back and Looking Forward" . Minnesota State University – Mankato. Retrieved 18 July 2011 .
^ "Malcolm H. Fraser, 91, Retailer of Auto Parts" . The New York Times . 19 February 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2011 .
^ French, Philip (26 December 2010). "Philip French: my life as a stammerer" . The Observer . Retrieved 29 December 2013 .
^ Greene, Bob (19 February 2012). "John Glenn's true hero: Annie Glenn" . CNN . Retrieved 9 December 2016 .
^ "NSASTUTTER.ORG" (PDF) . www.nsastutter.org . Retrieved 9 December 2016 .
^ #1080 - David Goggins , 19 February 2018, archived from the original on 16 July 2023, retrieved 16 July 2023
^ Haile, Martin (1905). Queen Mary of Modena: Her Life and Letters . London: J.M. Dent. p. 40.
^ Williams, D. Wendell Johnson and Charles Van Riper . Minnesota State University (22 February 1999). Retrieved on 2008-08-30.
^ Rosamond McKitterick , The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians , (Pearson Education Limited, 1999), 258.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Michael (emperors) ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 359–360.
^ "Jak się nie jąkać? Jąkanie może zniszczyć życie, na szczęście da się z tego wyleczyć" (in Polish). Retrieved 26 December 2019 .
^ Lopes, Fernão (1895). Chronica de El-Rei D. Pedro I [Chronicle of King Peter I ] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. do «Commercio de Portugal». p. 14 . Este rei Dom Pedro era muito gago […]
^ "Conservationist and SFA spokesman Alan Rabinowitz is featured on Speaking of Faith, a program on public radio" . Stuttering Foundation. July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011 .
^ "John Stossel for the Stuttering Foundation" . Stuttering Foundation. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011 .
^ "Did Alan Turing stutter?" . stutter.ca . Retrieved 30 July 2019 .
^ Project MUSE, Journal of Victorian Culture
^ "Bear Flag Revolt, June 1846" . NPS . Archived from the original on 9 March 2023.
^ "Gertrude Vreeland Tompkins Silver" . The Charley Project. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2024 .
^ "John Mackay: The Irish-American Bonanza King" . The Stuttering Foundation . 15 April 2022.
^ Apple, David J (2006). Sir Harold Ridley and his fight for sight . SLACK incorporated. ISBN 978-1-55642-786-2 .
^ McGibbon, Ian. "Keith Lindsay Stewart" . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 20 January 2012 .
^ Acosta Rico, Fabian (December 2017). "Los ideales agrarios de la derecha de los pobres: una revisión histórica del sinarquismo" (PDF) . El Tiempo de Jalisco (36). Retrieved 10 May 2022 .
^ Čepėnas, Pranas, ed. (1972). Lietuvos Universitetas 1579–1803–1922 (in Lithuanian). Chicago: The Association of Lithuanian-American Professors. pp. 150, 396, 427, 439. OCLC 2152067 .
^ "Desert Island Discs featuring Lord Woolf" . Desert Island Discs . 1 June 2008. BBC . Radio 4 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008 .
^ Fraser, Flora (2005). Princesses: the six daughters of George III (1st American ed.). New York: Knopf. p. [1] . ISBN 978-0-679-45118-1 .
^ "Influential pws: Dekanawida" . 9 May 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2024 .
^ Robertson, Enid (2007). "Ashby, Alison Marjorie (1901–1987)" . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Vol. 17. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University . ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7 . ISSN 1833-7538 . OCLC 70677943 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 .
^ "The Wit of William R. Travers" .