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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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Los Rastros Formation
The Los Rastros Formation is a mid-Carnian fossiliferous formation of the Agua de la Peña Group, in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of northwestern Argentina. Fossil archosaur tracks, as well as many insects, fish, bivalves, crustaceans and plants have been reported from the formation.

Geology

The formation overlies the Chañares Formation (and/or the Ischicuca Formation), and is overlain by the Ischigualasto Formation. The formation belongs to the Agua de la Peña Group of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, where it is exposed in the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, a World Heritage Site in Argentina. The up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) thick formation of claystones, mudstones and sandstones was deposited in a deltaic to lacustrine environment during the first post-rift sequence in the basin.

A CA-TIMS U-Pb zircon age of 234.47 ± 0.44 Ma from the lower Los Rastros Formation was published in 2020. The acquired age demonstrates that most of the overlying lacustrine strata within the basin were deposited during or after the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE).

Paleobiota

The only tetrapod body fossil reported from the Los Rastros Formation is a poorly-preserved temnospondyl amphibian.

Ichnofossils

Tetrapod footprints are a conspicuous type of ichnofossils (trace fossils) found in the Los Rastros Formation, particularly at the Quebrada de Ischichuca locality near Cerro Bola. Most of the trackways are symmetrical prints created by animals with a narrow bipedal stance, three toes contacting the ground, and a raised fourth toe. They were presumably early dinosaurs or dinosauromorphs, with a hip height exceeding 75 cm. These prints are found in deltaic sandbars, parallel to the lakeshore. While some sources tentatively interpret these as theropod footprints, the generalized nature of Triassic dinosaurs and their relatives prevent a precise referral. Some of the tridactyl trackways also preserve hand prints, with quadrupedal pseudosuchians or other archosaurs as likely trackmakers. Named reptile ichnotaxa from the Los Rastros Formation include Rhynchosauroides sp. (sphenodonts or other small reptiles) and Rigalites ischigualastianus (large quadrupedal pseudosuchians).

Another form of trackway consists of numerous non-overlapping sets of broad rounded depressions on a heavily trampled wackestone surface. They may have been left by a herd of dicynodonts walking down to the lakeshore. Palaeophycus tubularis invertebrate burrows are also abundant.

Fish

Actinopterygians (ray-finned fish) of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Challaia C. elongata Agua de la Peña Creek (San Juan Province) A very large (>70 cm) specimen which is mostly complete, missing the tail and the front of the skull. A late-surviving acrolepid, also known from the Cuyo Basin. Previously referred to Myriolepis.
Gualolepis G. carinaesquamosa Cañón del Gualo (La Rioja Province) Two specimens, each representing portions of the skull and anterior torso. A probable chondrostean (distantly related to modern sturgeons and paddlefish) with similarities to the family Peipiaosteidae.
Rastrolepis R. latipinnata Cañón del Gualo (La Rioja Province) A large (>39 cm) specimen which is mostly complete, missing the rear of the tail and the front of the skull. An indeterminate actinopterygian similar to redfieldiiforms
R. riojaensis Cañón del Gualo (La Rioja Province) A large (>54 cm) specimen which is mostly complete. An indeterminate actinopterygian similar to redfieldiiforms

Invertebrates

The Los Rastros Formation has produced many insect fossils, with most new species belonging to blattopterans (cockroaches and kin), coleopterans (beetles and kin), or hemipterans (true bugs). Among Triassic formations of South America, the Los Rastros Formation's insect diversity is only rivaled by the Potrerillos Formation in the Cuyo Basin. Other invertebrate fossils from the Los Rastros Formation include Lioestheria ("conchostracans" or clam shrimp) and Paleomutella (freshwater mussels).

Blattoptera

Blattoptera (cockroaches and relatives) of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Argentinoblatta A. herbsti Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Argentinoblattula A. revelata Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Condorblatta C. lutzae Río Gualo, Los Chañares (La Rioja Province)
Hermosablatta H. crassatella Río Gualo, Picos Gemelos (La Rioja Province)
H. pectinata Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Lariojablatta L. chanarensis Los Chañares (La Rioja Province)
Mancusoblatta M. pulchella Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Pulchellablatta P. nana Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Samaroblatta S. corrientesina Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
S. gualoensis Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Triassoblatta T. argentina Picos Gemelos (La Rioja Province)

Coleoptera

Coleoptera (beetles and relatives) of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Ademosyne A. arcucciae An ademosynid
A. elongatus An ademosynid
A. hexacostata An ademosynid
A. punctuada An ademosynid
Argentinocupes A. abdalai A cupedid (reticulated beetle)
A. pulcher Río Gualo, Los Chañares (La Rioja Province) A cupedid (reticulated beetle)
Argentinosyne A. bonapartei Los Chañares (La Rioja Province) A permosynid
A. frenguellii A permosynid
A. gonaldiae A permosynid
A. gualoensis A permosynid
A. losrastroensis A permosynid
A. rugosa A permosynid
Cardiosyne C. elegans A possible elaterid (click beetle)
C. obesa A possible elaterid (click beetle)
Gemelina G. triangularis A possible elaterid (click beetle)

Hemiptera

Indeterminate corixids (water boatmen) are also known from the Gualo locality.

Hemipterans (true bugs) of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Apheloscyta A. mayae Gualo (La Rioja Province) A scytinopterid cicadomorph (a type of true bug related to leafhoppers and cicadas). Previously given the name Gualoscytina mayae.
Dysmorphoptiloides D. losrastroensis Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan
Fulgobole F. arcucciae Gualo (La Rioja Province) A mesojabloniid cicadomorph. Previously given the name Australocicada arcucciae.
Gallegomorphoptila G. acostai Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan, formerly referred to the genus Dysmorphoptiloides.
G. breviptera Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan
G. gigantea Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan, formerly referred to the genus Dysmorphoptiloides.
G. pulcherrima Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan, formerly referred to the genus Dysmorphoptiloides.
Gualoscarta G. obscura Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan
Mesoscytina M. forsterae Gualo (La Rioja Province) A scytinopterid cicadomorph. Previously given the name Argentinopheloscyta forsterae.
Popovigocimex P. yurii Gualo (La Rioja Province) Forewing A progonocimicid coleorrhynchan (moss bug)
Saaloscytina S. carmonae Los Chañares, Gualo (La Rioja Province) A saaloscytinid cicadomorph. Fossils of this species were formerly given the names Chanarelytrina nana and Chanarescytina carmonae.
Yurigocimex Y. popovi Gualo (La Rioja Province) Forewing A progonocimicid coleorrhynchan (moss bug)

Other insects

Other insects of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Argentinoglosselytrina A. pulchella Gualo (La Rioja Province) A polycytellid glosselytrodean
Argentinoperlidium A. rogersi Gualo (La Rioja Province) Forewing fragment A gripopterigid plecopteran (stonefly).
Frenguelliphlebia F. labandeirai Gualo (La Rioja Province) Forewing fragment An indeterminate odonatopteran (a relative of dragonflies and damselfies)
Miomina M. riojana Los Chañares (La Rioja Province) A miomopteran
Notopamphagopsis N. spp. Gualo (La Rioja Province) Wing fragments Three unnamed species of haglid ensiferans (cricket-like insects)

Plants

A wide variety of plant fossils are known from the Los Rastros Formation, including both microfossils and macrofossils.

Most species from the formation have been listed by Lutz et al. (2011) and Pedernera et al. (2020).

Seed ferns

"Seed fern" macrofossils of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Dejerseya D. lobata Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments A possible peltasperm
D. lunensis Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments A possible peltasperm
Dicroidium D. argenteum Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. crassum Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. dubium Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. lancifolium Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. lineatum Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. nondichotoma Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. obtusifolium Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. odontopteroides Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Gualo (La Rioja Province), Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. pinnis-distantibus Ischichuca Creek An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Johnstonia J. coriacea Agua de la Peña Creek, Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
J. dutoitii Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
J. stelzneriana Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Gualo (La Rioja Province) Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Matatiella M. roseta Seed cones A seed fern of uncertain affinities, possibly a peltasperm or umkomasialean
Pachydermophyllum P. papillosum Agua de la Peña Creek. Frond fragments A peltasperm
P. praecordillerae Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments A peltasperm
Peltaspermum P. monodiscum Agua de la Peña Creek. Seed cones A peltasperm
Rhexoxylon R. sp. Ischichuca Creek Fossil wood An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Rochipteris R. alexandriana Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments A possible petriellalean
Umkomasia U. macleanii Strobili (seed cones) An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Xylopteris X. argentina Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Gualo (La Rioja Province), Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
X. densifolia Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
X. elongata Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Gualo (La Rioja Province), Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
X. rigida Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Zuberia Z. brownii Ischichuca Creek An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Z. feistmantelii Gualo (La Rioja Province) Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Z. sahnii Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Z. zuberi Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Ischichuca Creek Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)

Other gymnosperms

Gymnosperm macrofossils of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Acevedoa A. rastroensis Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Female fructifications Reproductive structures of a gymnosperm of uncertain affinities. Initially described under the (preoccupied) name Andersonia.
Baiera B. africana Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
B. pontifolia Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Gualo (La Rioja Province) Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
B. schenkii Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
Cordaicarpus C. sp. Gualo (La Rioja Province) Seeds Cordaitalean conifer seeds.
Cycadocarpium C. andium Agua de la Peña Creek.
Czekanowskia C. rigali Agua de la Peña Creek. A czekanowskialean.
Desmiophyllum D. sp. Agua de la Peña Creek.
Dordrectites D. elongatus Ischichuca Creek
Harringtonia H. argentinica Agua de la Peña Creek.
Heidiphyllum H. clarifolium
H. elongatum Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Gualo (La Rioja Province) Leaf fragments A voltzialean conifer.
H. minutifolium
Kurtziana K. cachuetensis Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Frond fragments Possible cycads.
Pelourdea P. polyphylla Agua de la Peña Creek.
P. problematica Agua de la Peña Creek.
Phoenicopsis P. sp. Ischichuca Creek
Pterorrachis P. ambigua Agua de la Peña Creek.
Rissikia R. media Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Gualo (La Rioja Province) Leaf fragments A podocarp conifer.
Samaropsis S. sp. Gualo (La Rioja Province) Seeds Cordaitalean conifer seeds.
Sphenobaiera S. argentinae Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
S. sp. cf. S. argentinae Gualo (La Rioja Province) Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
S. insecta Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
S. sectina Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
Sphenopteris S. sp. Ischichuca Creek
Telemachus T. elongatus Ischichuca Creek Seed cones. A voltzialean conifer.
Yabeiella Y. brackebuschiana Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Leaf fragments A gymnosperm of uncertain affinities.
Y. mareyesiaca A gymnosperm of uncertain affinities.
Y. spathulata A gymnosperm of uncertain affinities.

Other plants

Non-gymnosperm plant macrofossils of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Cladophlebis C. kurtzi Agua de la Peña Creek. Osmundacean ferns
C. mendozaensis Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Agua de la Peña Creek. Frond fragments Osmundacean ferns
C. mesozoica Agua de la Peña Creek. Osmundacean ferns
C. sp. cf. C. mesozoica Gualo (La Rioja Province) Frond fragments Osmundacean ferns
Equisetites E. fertilis Agua de la Peña Creek. Small equisetales (horsetails)
Neocalamites N. carrerei Ischichuca Creek. Large equisetales (horsetails)
N. ischigualasti Agua de la Peña Creek. Large equisetales (horsetails)
N. ramaccionii Agua de la Peña Creek. Large equisetales (horsetails)
N. sp. Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province), Gualo (La Rioja Province), Ischichuca Creek. Stalk impressions Large equisetales (horsetails)
Nododendron N. sp. Ischichuca Creek. Equisetales (horsetails)
Phyllotheca P. australis Agua de la Peña Creek. Small equisetales (horsetails)
Pleuromeia P. sp. Ischichuca Creek. Small lycopods.

See also

References

  1. ^ Leonardi, 1994, p.20
  2. ^ Mancuso, Adriana C.; Gallego, Oscar F.; Martins-Neto, Rafael G. (2007). "The Triassic insect fauna from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province (Argentina): its context, taphonomy and paleobiology". Ameghiniana. 44 (2): 337–348.
  3. ^ López-Arbarello, A.; Rogers, R.; Puerta, P. (2006-08-01). "Freshwater actinopterygians of the Los Rastros Formation (Triassic), Bermejo Basin, Argentina" (PDF). Fossil Record. 9 (2): 238–258. doi:10.5194/fr-9-238-2006. ISSN 2193-0074.
  4. ^ Mancuso, A. C.; Marsicano, C. A. (2008-08-01). "Paleoenvironments and taphonomy of a Triassic lacustrine system (Los Rastros Formation, central-western Argentina)". PALAIOS. 23 (8): 535–547. Bibcode:2008Palai..23..535M. doi:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-064r. ISSN 0883-1351. S2CID 131001860.
  5. ^ Aceituno Cieri, 2015, p.60
  6. ^ Kent, Dennis V.; Santi Malnis, Paula; Colombi, Carina E.; Alcober, Oscar A.; Martínez, Ricardo N. (2014-05-19). "Age constraints on the dispersal of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic from magnetochronology of the Los Colorados Formation (Argentina)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (22): 7958–7963. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.7958K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402369111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4050597. PMID 24843149.
  7. ^ Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia (2009). "Taphonomic analysis in lacustrine environments: Two different contexts for Triassic lake paleofloras from Western Gondwana (Argentina)". Sedimentary Geology. 222 (1–2): 149–159. Bibcode:2009SedG..222..149M. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.05.017.
  8. ^ Mancuso, Adriana C.; Irmis, Randall B.; Pedernera, Tomás E.; Gaetano, Leandro C.; Benavente, Cecilia A.; Breeden III, Benjamin T. (2022-06-13). "Paleoenvironmental and Biotic Changes in the Late Triassic of Argentina: Testing Hypotheses of Abiotic Forcing at the Basin Scale". Frontiers in Earth Science. 10. Bibcode:2022FrEaS..10.3788M. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.883788. ISSN 2296-6463.
  9. ^ Mancuso, Adriana C.; Benavente, Cecilia A.; Irmis, Randall B.; Mundil, Roland (2020). "Evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Episode in Gondwana: New multiproxy climate records and their bearing on early dinosaur diversification". Gondwana Research. 86: 104–125. Bibcode:2020GondR..86..104M. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.05.009. S2CID 224907977.
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  11. ^ Marsicano, Claudia Alicia; Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia; Palma, Ricardo Manuel; Krapovickas, Verónica (2010). "Tetrapod tracks in a marginal lacustrine setting (Middle Triassic, Argentina): Taphonomy and significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 291 (3–4): 388–399. Bibcode:2010PPP...291..388M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.009. hdl:11336/107219.
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  14. ^ Melchor, Ricardo N.; De Valais, Silvina (2006). "A Review of Triassic Tetrapod Track Assemblages from Argentina". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 355–379. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49..355M. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00538.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
  15. ^ Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Mancuso, Adriana; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (2005). "The Triassic Insect Fauna from Argentina. Blattoptera from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province". Ameghiniana. 42 (4): 705–723.
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  18. ^ Lara, María B.; Bustos-Escalona, Evelyn L.; Mancuso, Adriana C.; Arcucci, Andrea (2021). "Upper Triassic hemipterans from the south-western Gondwana: taxonomical, paleobiological, and paleogeographical implications". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 107: 103119. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703119L. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103119. S2CID 233072698.
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  20. ^ Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (1999). "The Triassic insect fauna from Argentina. I. Auchenorrhyncha, Miomoptera and Ensifera". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 14 (2): 191. doi:10.7203/sjp.23772. ISSN 2660-9568.
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  27. ^ Arce, Federico Exequiel; Lutz, Alicia Isabel (2010). "Fructificaciones de la Formación Los Rastros, Triásico Superior, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 27 (1): 32–42.
  28. ^ Arce, Federico Exequiel; Lutz, Alicia Isabel (2014). "Acevedoa nom. nov., a replacement name for Andersonia Arce & Lutz 2010 (Insertae sedis), preoccupied by Andersonia R.Br. 1810 (Plantae, Magnoliophyta, Ericaceae)". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 31 (1): 138–139.

Bibliography

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