Madison–Barbour Rural Historic District is a national historic district located near Barboursville, Orange County, Virginia. It encompasses 775 contributing buildings, 233 contributing sites, 111 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object. The district is best known for its large estates with imposing Federal and Georgian-style mansions, but also contains exemplary groupings of agricultural buildings, vernacular dwellings, and locally significant religious, commercial, and transportation-related structures. Located in the district are the separately listed Barboursville and Montpelier.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the year 1991.