The Matyra (Russian: Маты́ра) is a river in the Tambov and Lipetsk oblasts of Russia. It is a left tributary of the river Voronezh (in the Don's drainage basin). It has a length of 180 kilometres (110 mi) and a drainage basin of 5,180 square kilometres (2,000 sq mi). The average discharge 39 kilometres (24 mi) from its mouth is 11.7 cubic metres per second (410 cu ft/s). The town of Gryazi is along the Matyra.

A reservoir was created on the river in 1976.