Loading

  • 21 Aug, 2019

  • By, Wikipedia

Middle Eastern Crisis
This is a list of modern conflicts in the Middle East ensuing in the geographic and political region known as the Middle East. The "Middle East" is traditionally defined as the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia), Levant, and Egypt and neighboring areas of Arabia, Anatolia and Iran. It currently encompasses the area from Egypt, Turkey and Cyprus in the west to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the east, and from Turkey and Iran in the north, to Yemen and Oman in the south.

  • Conflicts are separate incidents with at least 100 casualties, and are listed by total deaths, including sub-conflicts.
  • The term "modern" refers to the First World War and later period, in other words, since 1914.

List of conflicts

Date Conflict Location Casualties
1902–1932 Unification of Saudi Arabia Riyadh
Hejaz
Kuwait
Nejd
Jordan Transjordan
Iraq Mandatory Iraq
Nejd and Hejaz 		8,000–9,000
1909–1910 Zaraniq rebellion  Ottoman Empire 830+
1914–1918 Middle Eastern theatre of World War I  Ottoman Empire
Persia
Egypt

Nejd and Hasa
Jabal Shammar
Kuwait
Lahej
Armenia
Azerbaijan

Ottoman Empire deaths including civilians:
2,825,000–5,000,000
Allied killed, wounded, captured or missing:
1,000,000–1,500,000
Persians died by famine or disease, excluding influenza:
2,000,000
1918–1922 Simko Shikak revolt Persia 1,000–5,500
1919 Egyptian Revolution of 1919 Egypt 3,000
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence  Ottoman Empire
 Greece
 Armenia
 Soviet Union 		882,100–2,075,600+
1919–2003 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Iraq Mandatory Iraq
Iraq Kingdom of Iraq
Iraq Iraq
Kingdom of Kurdistan 		139,000–320,000 killed
1920 Franco-Syrian War Arab Kingdom of Syria
OETA 		5,000
1920 Iraqi revolt against the British Iraq Mandatory Iraq 2,050–9,000
1921–1948 Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine  Mandatory Palestine 7,813
1923 Adwan Rebellion Jordan Transjordan 100
1925–1927 Great Syrian Revolt (Druze War) Greater Lebanon
State of Syria
Jabal Druze
Alawite State 		8,000–12,000
1925 Sheikh Said rebellion  Turkey 15,000–250,500
1930 Ararat rebellion  Turkey

Republic of Ararat

4,500–47,000
1933 Simele massacre  Kingdom of Iraq 3,000
1934 Saudi-Yemeni War  Saudi Arabia
 Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 		2,100
1935 Imam Reza shrine rebellion  Iran 151
1935–1936 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts  Iraq 500
1935 1935 Yazidi revolt  Iraq 200
1936 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1937 Dersim rebellion  Turkey 40,000–70,000
1939–1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II  Iraq
Iran Iran
French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
 Mandatory Palestine 		≈16,000
1946 Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
1946 Egyptian Student Riots Egypt Egypt 100–300
1946 Iran crisis of 1946  Iran
 Republic of Mahabad
Azerbaijan People's Government 		2,000
1948– Arab–Israeli conflict Egypt Egypt
All-Palestine Government
 Egypt
 United Arab Republic
 Syrian Republic
 Ba'athist Syria
 Jordan
 Lebanon
 Israel
 Palestinian Authority 		73,000–84,000
1948 Alwaziri coup Yemen Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 4,000–5,000
1948 Al-Wathbah uprising  Iraq 300–400
1952 Egyptian revolution of 1952 Egypt Egypt 1,000
1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état  Iran 300–800
1954–1960 Jebel Akhdar War Muscat and Oman 100–523
1955–1959 Cyprus Emergency  Cyprus 400–600
1956 Suez Crisis
1956–1960 Yemeni–Adenese clan violence  Aden 1,000
1958 1958 Lebanon Crisis  Lebanon 1,300–4,000
1958 1958 Iraqi Revolution  Arab Federation 100
1959 1959 Mosul uprising Iraq Iraqi Republic 2,000–4,000
1962–1970 North Yemen Civil War  North Yemen
 Saudi Arabia
 Egypt 		100,000–200,000
1962–1975 Dhofar Rebellion  Oman 10,000
1963 1963 Riots in Iran  Iran 100
1963 February 1963 Ba'athist Iraqi coup  Iraq 1,000
1963 8th of March Syrian Revolution  United Arab Republic
 Syria 		820
1963–1967 Aden Emergency  Federation of South Arabia
 South Yemen 		2,096
1963 November 1963 Iraqi coup  Iraq 250
1964 1964 Hama riot  Syria 70–100
1966 1966 neo-Ba'athist coup d'état in Syria  Syria 400
1966 1966 Arif Abd ar-Razzaq second coup  Iraq 80–100
1970–1971 Black September  Jordan 2,000–25,000
1972 Yemenite War of 1972  South Yemen  North Yemen 100+
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus  Cyprus 1,500–5,000
1974 Shatt al-Arab clashes  Iran 1,000
1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War  Lebanon 150,000
1976–1980 Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)  Turkey 5,000–5,388
1978–1982 NDF Rebellion  North Yemen 100+
1978– Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)  Turkey
 Iraqi Kurdistan
 Iraq 		30,000–100,000
1979 Yemenite War of 1979  South Yemen  North Yemen 1,000+
1979 Iranian Revolution  Iran 3,164–60,000
1979–1980 Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution  Iran 10,171
1979–1983 Saudi Eastern Province unrest  Saudi Arabia 182–219
1979 Grand Mosque seizure  Saudi Arabia 307
1979–1982 Islamist uprising in Syria  Syria 40,000+
1980 1980 Turkish coup d'état  Turkey 127–550
1980 1980 Sadr uprising  Iraq 1,000–30,000
1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War  Iran
 Iraq
 Kuwait 		1,000,000–1,250,000
1986 South Yemen Civil War  South Yemen 5,000–12,000
1986 1986 Egyptian Conscription Riot  Egypt 107
1986 1986 Damascus bombings  Syria 204
1987 Iranian pilgrim riot (Mecca massacre)  Saudi Arabia 402
1987–1988 ANO Executions  Lebanon
 Syria 		170
1989–1996 KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)  Iran 168–503
1990–1991 Gulf War  Iraq
 Kuwait
 Saudi Arabia 		40,000–57,000
1991 1991 Iraqi uprisings  Iraq 50,000–100,000
1994 1994 civil war in Yemen  Yemen 7,000–10,000
1995– Islamic Insurgency in Saudi Arabia  Saudi Arabia 300
1998 Operation Desert Fox (Iraqi no-fly zones)  Iraq 2,000
1999 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq  Iraq 100–200
2003–2011 Iraq War Iraq Ba'athist Iraq
Iraq Iraq 		109,032–650,726
See also: Casualties of the Iraq War
2004 Qamishli massacre (2004)  Syria 30–100
2004–2014 Shia insurgency in Yemen  Saudi Arabia
 Yemen 		8,500–25,000
2004– Iran–PJAK conflict  Iran 588–747
2006– Fatah–Hamas conflict  Palestinian Authority
Gaza Strip 		600+
2006 2006 Lebanon War
 Israel 		≈1600
2006– Iran–Israel proxy conflict  Iran
 Israel 		≈2000
2007 Nahr al-Bared fighting  Lebanon 480
2008 2008 Lebanon conflict  Lebanon 105
2009–2015 South Yemen Insurgency  Yemen 2,100+
2010–2015 Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown  Yemen 3,000+
2011 2011 Bahraini uprising  Bahrain
 Saudi Arabia 		100+
2011– Shia insurgency in Bahrain  Bahrain 22+
2011–2014 Egyptian crisis (2011–14)  Egypt 7,000+
2011– Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)  Yemen 9,000+
2011– Syrian civil war  Syria 503,064–613,407 +
2011–2017 Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon  Lebanon ≈800
2011– Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict  Saudi Arabia
 Iran
2013–2017 War in Iraq (2013–2017)  Iraq 155,500–165,500+
2015– Yemeni Civil War  Yemen
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates 		377,000+
2016– Western Iran clashes  Iran 74–156
15–16 July 2016 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt  Turkey 270–350
2017 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict  Iraq +305
2017– Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)  Iraq 4,000+
2023– Israel–Hamas war  Israel
 West Bank
Gaza Strip 		45,000+
2023– Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)  Israel
 Lebanon 		2600+
2023– Red Sea crisis  Yemen
 Israel
Red Sea
Gulf of Aden 		40+
2024– 2024 Iran–Israel conflict  Iran
 Israel
 Jordan
 Syria
 Iraq
 Yemen
 Lebanon 		20+

Casualties breakdown

[a].^ Unification of Saudi Arabia (combined casualties 7,989–8,989+)

Battle of Riyadh (1902) – 37 killed.
Battle of Dilam (1903) – 410 killed.
Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907) – 2,300+ killed.
Annexation of Al-Hasa and Qatif (1913) – unknown.
Battle of Jarrab (1915) – unknown.
Battle of Kanzaan (1915) – unknown.
First Nejd–Hejaz War, 1918–1919 – 8,392+ killed
Kuwait–Najd War (1921) – 200–800 killed.
1921 Ikhwan raid on Iraq – 700 killed.
Conquest of Ha'il – unknown.
Ikhwan raids on Transjordan 1922–1924 – 500-1,500 killed.
Second Nejd–Hejaz War (1924–1925) – 450 killed.
Ikhwan Revolt (1927–1930) – 2,000 killed.

[p].^ Middle Eastern theatre of World War I (combined casualty figure 2,825,000–5,000,000) of:

[b].^ Turkish War of Independence (combined figure 882,100–2,075,600+):

Greco-Turkish War – 70,000–400,000 casualties
Franco-Turkish War – 40,000 casualties.
Turkish–Armenian War – 60,000–432,500 casualties.
Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence - more than 27,082+ casualties
Turkish-Georgian War (Red Army invasion of Georgia)- 20,000 casualties.
665,000-1,156,000 Greek, Armenian, Turkish etc. civilian massacred during the war.

[c].^ Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure 138,800–320,100) of:

Mahmud Barzanji revolts – unknown.
Ahmad Barzanji revolt (1931) – unknown.
1943 Iraqi Kurdish revolt (1943) – unknown.
First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970) – 75,000–105,000 killed.
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975) – 9,000 killed.
600,000 displaced
PUK insurgency (1976–1978) – 800 killed.
Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982–1988) – 50,000–198,000 killed.
1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah – 700–2,000 killed.
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997) – 3,000–5,000 killed.
2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq – several hundred killed (≈300) on the Kurdish front, at least 24 Peshmerga soldiers killed.

[d].^ Middle Eastern theatre of World War II (combined casualty figure 12,338–14,898+) of:

Anglo-Iraqi War – at least 560 killed.
Farhud 175–780 killed.
Syria–Lebanon Campaign 10,404–12,964 killed.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 100 – 1,062 killed.
Bombing of Palestine in World War II 137 deaths.
Bombing of Bahrain in World War II – unknown.

[e].^ Iran crisis of 1946 (combined casualty figure 1,921+):

Azerbaijan People's Republic crisis – 421 killed.
Republic of Mahabad crisis – ≈1,000 killed.
Civil interregnum – 500 killed.

[f].^ Arab–Israeli conflict (combined casualty figure 76,338–87,338+):

Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) – 14,400 casualties.
Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency and Retribution operations (1950s) – 3,456 casualties
Suez War (1956) – 3,203 killed.
Israeli–Palestinian conflict (1965–present) – 24,000 killed
Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon – 2,600–20,000 killed
Operation Litani
1982 Lebanon War
First Palestinian Intifada – 2,000 killed
Al-Aqsa Intifada – 7,000 killed
Gaza–Israel conflict – 3,500+ killed
Six-Day War (1967) – 13,976 killed.
War of Attrition (1967–1970) – 6,403 killed.
Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000–21,000.

[g].^ North Yemen Civil War (combined 100,000–200,000 casualties):

1962 Coup d'état
Ramadan offensive
Haradh offensive
1965 Royalist offensive
Siege of Sana'a (1967)

[h].^ Lebanese Civil War (combined 39,132–43,970+ mortal casualties):

Bus massacre – 27 killed.
Hundred Days' War – 160 killed.
Karantina massacre – 1,000–1,500 killed.
Damour massacre – 684 killed.
Battle of the Hotels – 700 killed.
Black Saturday (Lebanon) – 200–600 killed.
Tel al-Zaatar massacre – 1,778–3,278 killed.
1982 Lebanon War – 28,280 killed.
Sabra and Shatila massacre – 762–3,500 killed.
War of the Camps (1986–1987) – 3,781 killed.
Mountain War – 1,600 killed.
War of Liberation (1989–1990) – unknown.
October 13 massacre – 500–700 killed, 260 civilians massacred.

[i].^ Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (combined fatalities count 12,000):

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran – 10,171+ killed and executed.
1979 Khuzestan uprising – 112+ killed.
1979 Khorasan uprising – unknown.
1979 Azeri uprising – unknown.
1979 Baluchistan uprising – 50 killed.
Iran hostage crisis – 9 killed.
1979–1980 Tehran clashes – unknown.

[j].^ Iran–Iraq War (combined death count 645,000–823,000+):

Iraqi invasion 1980
Mujahedin al-Halq uprising 1981–1982
Liberation of Khorramshahr 1982 – 17,000 killed
Operation Undeniable Victory 1982 – 50,000 mortal casualties
Operation Ramadan 1982 – 80,000 killed
Kurdish Rebellion 1983–1988 (including the Al-Anfal Campaign) 50,000–198,000 killed
Operation Before the Dawn 1983 – 6,000+ killed
Operation Dawn 3 – 162,000 killed
Operation Dawn 5 1984 – 50,000 killed
Operation Dawn 6 1984 – unknown
Operation Khaibar 1984 – 49,000 killed
Tanker War 1984
Operation Badr (1985) – 30,000–32,000
War of the Cities 1985–1987
Operation Dawn-8 1986 – unknown
Operation Karbala-4 1986 – 15,000 killed
Operation Karbala-5 – 85,000 killed
Operation Nasr 4 – unknown
Operation Karbala-10 – unknown
Operation Mersad 1987 – 4,900 killed
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 2,000 – 30,000 executed

[k].^ Iraq War 2003–2011 (combined casualty figure of 192,361–226,056+):

2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq – 35,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (2003–06) – 15,000 killed
Civil war in Iraq 2006–2008 – 30,000–40,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011) – 5,000–10,000 killed
Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq – ≈1,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal) – 54,000+ killed
War in Iraq (2013–2017) – 53,361–72,056 killed

[l].^ Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine (combined casualties 7,813)

1921 Jaffa riots – 95 killed
1929 Palestine riots – 251 killed.
1933 Palestine riots – 20 killed.
Arab Revolt in Palestine – 5,000 killed.
Jewish insurgency in Palestine (1944–47) – 338 British and around 100 Palestinian Jews killed.
1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine – 2,009 killed by 1 April 1948.

[m].^ Egyptian Crisis (combined casualties 5,000+)

Egyptian Revolution of 2011 – 846 killed
Sinai insurgency – 2,800+ killed

[n].^ Syrian civil war (combined casualties 503,064–613,407)

[o].^ Iran–Israel proxy conflict (combined casualties ≈2,000)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ See Outline of the Yemeni Crisis, revolution, and civil war (2011-present) for further articles.
  2. ^ See Outline of the Yemeni Crisis, revolution, and civil war (2011-present) for further articles.
  3. ^ See Outline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war for further articles.
  4. ^ Those casualties are only included Pontic uprising, Koçgiri rebellion and Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur.

References

  1. ^ Albert Hourani et al., The Modern Middle East: A Reader. 1993: p. 2.
  2. ^ "CSP – Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946–2008". Systemicpeace.org. 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  3. ^ Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) Page 219.
  4. ^ Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2.
  5. ^ Poteri narodonaseleniia v : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. Pages 61, 65, 73, 77 and 78
  6. ^ James L. Gelvin, The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War, Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-61804-5 Page 77
  7. ^ Katouzian, Homa (2013). Iran: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. p. 1934. ISBN 9781780742731.:
  8. ^ Rubin, Barry (2015). The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Routledge. p. 508. ISBN 9781317455783.: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."
  9. ^ Ward, Steven R. (2014). Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9781626160651.: "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the variousarmies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million."
  10. ^ Maria T. O'Shea. Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan. Routledge, 2004: p. 100 "Simultaneously, 1000 Christians were killed in Salmas, in a massacre instigated by Simko"
  11. ^ [1] Archived 18 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine "at least 3,000 Egyptians were killed ..."
  12. ^ Jonathan Glancey (19 April 2003). "Our last occupation". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2011. "The rebellion was thwarted, with nearly 9,000 Iraqis killed."
  13. ^ The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq, p. 208, at Google Books "... the British mentioned a proportion of 1 to 3, that is 2,050 killed and 6,150 wounded, while an Arab version speaks of 4,000 killed and 4,800 wounded."
  14. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Users.erols.com. July 2005. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  15. ^ Political Science. Middle East/North Africa/Persian Gulf Region. University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 2011. [2] Archived 26 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, … Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...
  17. ^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, p. 211, Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) …
  18. ^ Ayşe Hür, "Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4" Archived 25 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Taraf, 23 October 2008, Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  19. ^ M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926–1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 975-8245-01-5, p. 105.
  20. ^ "Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) Berliner Tageblatt, 3 October 1930, "... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert."
  21. ^ "The purpose of this chapter is not to debate the extent of Assyrian civilian deaths at Summayl; the Assyrians claim 3000, while the British cite the figure as no greater than 300." [3] Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Rongxing Guo. Cross border resource management, theory and practice. Ed. S.V.Krupa. Elsevier, 2005: p.115.
  23. ^ Ward, Steven R. (2009). "Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces". Georgetown University Press. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  24. ^ David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris, 2002, ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0, p. 209.
  25. ^ Ikhwanweb. Ikhwanweb Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Ahmed Abdalla, The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt 1923–1973. 2008: pp. 64–77 (1946: The Climax)
  27. ^ Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces, p. 140, at Google Books. 300 killed
  28. ^ "200 Years of Conflict: A Very British Century 1910–2010". David Charles.info. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  29. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Users.erols.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  30. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Users.erols.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  31. ^ Schanzer, Jonathan (2004). "Yemen's War on Terror" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012. "Since 1965, the Libyan-backed Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen and the National Liberation Front had unleashed brutal violence on British forces in the south. In the end, the conflict claimed some 200,000 lives."
  32. ^ Political Science, University of Central Arkansas. Iraq (1932–present). [4] Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Derek Hopwood. Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society. Unwin Himan ltd., 1988: p.45.
  34. ^ J.E.Peterson, British Counter-Insurgency Campaigns and Iraq. August 2009: p.12.
  35. ^ Seale, Patrick (1989). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-520-06667-7.
  36. ^ Paul, James A.; et al. (1990). Human Rights in Syria. Middle East Watch Organization. p. 10.
  37. ^ Files of Major General Khalil Jassim, Jordan 2017, Ghaith Khalil,اوراق اللواء خليل جاسم الدباغ, د.م. غيث الدباغ, دار دجلة للطباعة والنشر, الاردن
  38. ^ John J. Mearsheimer (Aug. 1990 Atlantic Monthly). "1,500 to 5,000 killed"
  39. ^ "CSP – Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946–2013". Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  40. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  41. ^ Gil, Ata. La Turquie à marche forcée, Le Monde diplomatique, February 1981.
  42. ^ Devrimci Yol Savunması, Defense of the Revolutionary Path. Ankara, January 1989, pp. 118–119.
  43. ^ "Call to try Turkish coup leaders". Al Jazeera. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  44. ^ John Pike. "Kurdistan – Kurdish Conflict". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  45. ^ Kadivar, Cyrus. "A QUESTION OF NUMBERS". Emad Baghi. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  46. ^ E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', Emruz, 30 July 2003
  47. ^ JAY PETERZELL (24 September 1990). "The Gulf: Shi'Ites: Poorer Cousins". Time. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  48. ^ Riyadh (10 January 1980). "63 Zealots beheaded for seizing Mosque". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  49. ^ "Turkey tries to heal coup detat wounds". Today's Zaman. 15 January 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2015. During this coup 650,000 people were detained, prosecutors demanded the death penalty for 7,000 people, 517 were sentenced to death, and 50 were executed. A further 500 people died in prisons, some under suspicious circumstances, some during torture and others on hunger strikes. Sixteen prisoners were shot while attempting to escape. Official records say 74 others were killed during prison riots
  50. ^ "Call to try Turkish coup leaders". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  51. ^ Lawrence E. Cline. The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq. [5]
  52. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Users.erols.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  53. ^ "Wars and Conflicts of Yemen (1914–present)". The History Guy. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  54. ^ Europa Publications Limited, The Middle East & North Africa, Volume 50: p. 303
  55. ^ "Syrian car bomb attack kills 17". BBC News. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  56. ^ K. McLachlan, Iran and the Continuing Crisis in the Persian Gulf. GeoJournal, Vol. 28, Issue 3, Nov. 1992, p. 359; "400 Die as Iranian Marchers Battle Saudi Police in Mecca; Embassies Smashed in Tehran". The New York Times. 2 August 1987. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  57. ^ [6] Archived 10 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Al Jazeera
  58. ^ Matthew Duss and Peter Juul. The Fractured Shia of Iraq. Center for American Progress, January 2009. p.9.
  59. ^ Gamel, Kim (14 April 2009). "AP Impact: Secret Tally Has 87,215 Iraqis Dead". Associated Press (via ABC News).
  60. ^ Leigh, David (22 October 2010). "Iraq War Logs Reveal 15,000 Previously Unlisted Civilian Deaths – Leaked Pentagon Files Contain Records of More than 100,000 Fatalities Including 66,000 Civilians" Archived 30 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  61. ^ Rogers, Simon (23 October 2010). "Wikileaks Iraq: Data Journalism Maps Every Death – Data Journalism Allows Us To Really Interrogate the Wikileaks Iraq War Logs Release. Here Is the Statistical Breakdown – and Data for You To Download" Archived 7 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Data Blog – Facts Are Sacred (blog on The Guardian). Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  62. ^ "Iraq: The War Logs" Archived 8 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian.
  63. ^ Carlstrom, Gregg (22 October 2010; last modified 24 October 2010 (at 21 November 2010)). "WikiLeaks Releases Secret Iraq File – Al Jazeera Accesses 400,000 Secret US Military Documents, Which Reveal the Inside Story of the Iraq War" Archived 30 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  64. ^ Staff writer (23 October 2010). "Iraq War Logs: What the Numbers Reveal" Archived 29 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Iraq Body Count. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  65. ^ MidEastWeb. Kurdish agony – the forgotten massacre of Qamishlo. March 2004.[7] Archived 9 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine MidEastWeb
  66. ^ "Kurdish unrest erupts in Syria". BBC News. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  67. ^ "Bloody 2009". Yemen Post. 10 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011. "The long ongoing war in Sa'ada that has killed over 8000 Yemenis in 2009 alone."
  68. ^ Armed Conflicts Report – Yemen. Ploughshares.ca. [8] Archived 30 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
  69. ^ [9] Archived 26 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Huthi sources put the number of casualties at 25,000
  70. ^ Mustafa Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül Kibaroğlu "Global Security Watch—Turkey: A Reference Handbook" Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009. ISBN 0-313-34560-0 p 161
  71. ^ "Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. 6 June 2007. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  72. ^ "Palestinian Center for Human Rights". Pchrgaza.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  73. ^ Government casualties (AlJazeera) [10] Archived 24 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
    [11] Archived 9 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  74. ^ Government casualties Archived 24 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Al Arabiya
  75. ^ Al-Qaeda casualties: Fox News [12] Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times [13] Archived 28 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post [14] Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Ynet News [15]
  76. ^ Noel Joseph Guckian. British Relations with Trans-Jordan, 1920–1930. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. PhD Thesis: pp. 217–218. May 1985.
  77. ^ Vahakn N. Dadrian. (2003). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 360–361. ISBN 1-57181-666-6;
  78. ^ Statistics of the Democide estimates, line 485d
  79. ^ Brogan, Patrick (1989). World Conflicts. London: Bloomsbury. p. 298. ISBN 0-7475-0260-9.
  80. ^ "Iraq (Kurds)". Minorities at Risk. University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  81. ^ "All wars in the 20th century, since 1900 | the Polynational War Memorial". Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  82. ^ Jordi Tejel. Syria's Kurds: history, politics and society. 2009. p.156.
  83. ^ "Habbaniya War Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  84. ^ Wavell, p. 3438
  85. ^ Maya Zamir, The Day of The bombing, Tel Aviv Magazine, 7 September 2007 (in Hebrew) Archived 12 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  86. ^ Nat. Arch. 891.00/1-1547, 15 January 1947. Touraj Atabaki, Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. [Revised Edition of Azerbaijan, Ethnicity and Autonomy in the Twentieth-Century Iran] London: I.B.Tauris, 2000. pg 227. "A British source cited by the US Embassy in Tehran gives the number of killed Democrats as 421. The American Embass's report has been classified under wash."
  87. ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia. University Press, 1995. p. 154. "Rossow conservatively estimated 500 killed during the lawless interregnum that preceded the coming of the Iranian troops. Hundreds of others were tried and jailed, and scores were hanged."
  88. ^ "The Yom Kippur War". thenagain.info. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  89. ^ "The History Guy". Archived from the original on 30 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  90. ^ David McDowall. A Modern History of the Kurds (1996)
  91. ^ "Document – Iran: Violations of human rights 1987–1990". Amnesty International. December 1990. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  92. ^ Great Britain, 1930: Report of the Commission on the disturbances of August 1929, Command paper 3530 (Shaw Commission report), p. 65.
  93. ^ NA 59/8/353/84/867n, 404 Wailing Wall/279 and 280, Archdale Diary and Palestinian Police records.
  94. ^ "29 Oct 1933 – Riots in Palestine SEQUEL TO FORBIDDEN PROCESSIO". Trove.nla.gov.au. 29 October 1933. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  95. ^ Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon: Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire, p. 100
  96. ^ Yoav Gelber (2006), p.85
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East&oldid=1258048176"