Noreán Formation
The more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) thick formation was deposited in a continental arc magmatic setting in an Early Jurassic graben that presently forms the basement of the Middle Magdalena Valley (VMM). A positive anomaly of Pb suggests a subduction-related genesis dominated by explosive volcanism.
Etymology
The Noreán Formation was first defined as the "Unidad Volcanoclástica de Noreán" ("Volcanoclastic Unit of Noreán") in 1995 and in the same year elevated to a formal formation by Clavijo in 1995 as part of the geologic mapping for Plancha 65 Tamalameque and named after the caserío Noreán, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north of Aguachica, Cesar. The type locality of the Noreán Formation is along the road between Buturama and Bombeadero in Aguachica.
Description
The Noreán Formation is found in the northern part of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, stretching from the Cesar Department in the north, towards the Serranía de San Lucas in Bolívar to the Santander Massif in Santander in the south. The formation forms the economic basement in the southern Lower Magdalena Valley (VIM) and the northern Middle Magdalena Valley (VMM). The formation is interpreted as characteristic of an important explosive volcanic phase, the materials of which were deposited in a graben setting of the Middle Magdalena Valley. The Early Jurassic basin was covered by a shallow sea and in part drained by rivers and lakes. The basin at time of deposition was bordered by a volcanic arc, characterized by basaltic to calc-alkaline magmas. The formation also comprises less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) thin very fine to fine sandstone beds constituting quartz (90 to 60%), feldspars (10 to 40%) and lithic fragments (1-2 %).
The volcanic and pyroclastic rocks of the Noreán Formation are composed of lavas that range from andesitic to rhyolitic, together with vitric, lithic and crystal tuffs. Mainly andesitic dikes and hypabyssal bodies are also present. Geochemically, the volcanic and pyroclastic rocks exhibit chemical similarities, belong to the calc-alkaline series and have negative anomalies of Nb, P and Ti and a positive anomaly of Pb, suggesting a subduction-related genesis.
U-Pb zircon geochronology resulted in ages of 192.4 ± 2.2 Ma in a basaltic andesite, 184.9 ± 2.0 Ma in an andesitic lava and 175.9 ± 1.1 Ma in a rhyolitic lava, indicating the occurrence of volcanic events in this section of the Noreán Formation from the Lower to the earliest Middle Jurassic. Zircon inheritance suggests that the volcanic arc was emplaced in a Meso- to Neoproterozoic basement. The Noreán Formation represents continental arc magmatism, which occurred during a phase of extensional tectonics along the continental margin of northwestern South America from approximately 195 to 168 Ma.
Stratigraphy
To the northwest of the Santander Massif, the formation overlies the Bocas Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Tablazo Formation. In some locations in this area, the formation is found in faulted contact with the Bucaramanga Gneiss, La Virgen Formation and the Tablazo and La Luna Formations. In the Serranía de San Lucas, the Noreán Formation conformably overlies the Morrocoyal Formation and in this area is overlain by the Tablazo Formation and the Arenal Conglomeratic Unit. Across the San Lucas mountains, the formation is in faulted and discordant contact with the Norosí Batholith, the San Lucas Gneiss and the Sudán Formation.
The formation is offset by the megaregional Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault.
Subdivision
On the western flanks of the Eastern Cordillera, the formation is subdivided into six units and in the Serranía de San Lucas into four (1, 3, 5 and 6 of the six named below), from young to old:
- Hypobyssal Andesitic Unit (Jnha) - 12 metres (39 ft)
- Effusive Rhyolitic Unit (Jner) - 150 metres (490 ft)
- Dacitic Effusive Unit (Jned) - 350 metres (1,150 ft)
- Pyroclastic and Effusive Dacitic Unit (Jnpd) - 450 metres (1,480 ft)
- Effusive Spherulitic Unit (Jnee) - 300 metres (980 ft)
- Pyroclastic-epiclastic Unit (Jnpe) - 800 metres (2,600 ft)
Age
The age of the Noreán Formation has been established using potassium-argon (K-Ar), rubidium-strontium (Rb-Sr), and uranium-lead dating (U-Pb). The first method gave an age range of 194 ± 6 Ma, the Rb-Sr dating method provided a range of 161 ± 27 Ma and U-Pb dating of zircons resulted in ages of 201.6 ± 3.6 and 196.1 ± 4.4. Refined dating of the formation performed in 2019 by Correa Martínez et al. concluded an age range between 192.4 ± 2.2 and 175.9 ± 1.1 Ma, spanning most of the Early Jurassic, from Sinemurian to Toarcian. The Noreán Formation was intruded by the San Lucas Granitoid in the Middle Jurassic, dated at 166.9 ± 6 Ma. A 2020 thermochronological study concluded that the Jurassic volcanic rocks covering the Santander Massif were exhumed during the latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene.
Outcrops
The northernmost outcrop of the Noreán Formation is found in Chimichagua, Cesar. In Cesar, outcrops occur south of the village of Saloa and around the town of Pailitas, east of Tamalameque and Pelaya and west of La Gloria, in the western part of Morales, Bolívar, north and east of Aguachica where its type locality is situated, in the Serranía de San Lucas, where the urban center of Santa Rosa del Sur rests on top of the formation, in the west of San Pablo, Bolívar, and in the western part of Cantagallo, Bolívar.
Regional correlations
In the Santander Massif, the Noreán Formation has been correlated to the Jordán Formation, while in the Serranía de San Lucas the formation correlates with and is partly overlying the Morrocoyal Formation. In the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of northern Colombia, the Noreán Formation is considered equivalent with the Guatapurí Formation, the Corual and Los Indios Formations and the ignimbrite complexes of Caja de Ahorros, La Paila and La Piña. In the Serranía del Perijá to the east of the extent of the formation, the Noreán Formation correlates with La Quinta Formation. In the La Guajira peninsula, the formation is time-equivalent with the Rancho Grande Formation while to the south of its area in the Upper Magdalena Valley the Noreán Formation is correlated with the Saldaña Formation. The Lower Jurassic is missing in the Llanos Basin to the southeast of the extent of the Eastern Cordillera.
- Legend
- group
- important formation
- fossiliferous formation
- minor formation
- (age in Ma)
- proximal Llanos (Medina)
- distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)
See also
- Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Geology of the Eastern Hills
- Cesar-Ranchería Basin, sedimentary basin to the northeast of the Noreán extent
- Central Atlantic magmatic province, megaregional igneous province of the Early Jurassic
- Nacientes del Biobío Formation, contemporaneous volcanic formation of central Chile and western Argentina
- Pan de Azúcar Formation, contemporaneous volcanic formation of northern Chile
Notes
References
- ^ Plancha 65, 1994
- ^ Plancha 47, 2001
- ^ Plancha 55, 2006
- ^ González Iregui et al., 2015, p.56
- ^ Royero, 1996, p.10
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.31
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.32
- ^ González Iregui et al., 2015, p.58
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.29
- ^ Rodríguez García et al., 2020, p.43
- ^ Royero, 1996, p.16
- ^ Royero, 1996, pp.15-16
- ^ Royero, 1996, p.15
- ^ Royero, 1996, pp.13-15
- ^ Royero, 1996, p.12
- ^ Royero, 1996, pp.11-12
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.43
- ^ Clavijo et al., 2008, p.52
- ^ Amaya Ferreira et al., 2020, p.11
- ^ Plancha 75, 1992
- ^ Plancha 85, 2006
- ^ Plancha 96, 2006
- ^ Plancha 108, 2012
- ^ Barrero et al., 2007, p.70
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.27
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.50
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.85
- ^ Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
- ^ Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
- ^ Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
- ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
- ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
- ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
- ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
- ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
- ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
- ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
- ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
- ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
- ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
- ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
- ^ Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
- ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
- ^ Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
- ^ Duarte et al., 2019
- ^ García González et al., 2009
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
Bibliography
- Amaya Ferreira, Sergio; Zuluaga, Carlos Augusto; Bernet, Matthias (2020), "Different Levels of Exhumation across the Bucaramanga Fault in the Cepitá Area of the Southwestern Santander Massif, Colombia: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Andes in Northwestern South America" (PDF), Servicio Geológico Colombiano Publicaciones Especiales, 37: 1–17, retrieved 2020-07-13
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. - González Iregui, Humberto; Salinas Echeverri, Rosalba; Cárdenas, Jorge Ignacio; Muñoz Taborda, Carlos; Ayala Montoya, Germán; Vélez Giraldo, Wilson (2015), Memoria de la Plancha 56 - San Roque - 1:100,000, Servicio Geológico Colombiano, pp. 1–147
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Maps
- Hernández, Marina; Clavijo, Jairo; González, Javier (2001), Plancha 47 - Chiriguaná - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Bernal Vargas, Luis Enrique; Mantilla Figueroa, Luis Carlos (2006), Plancha 55 - El Banco - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Royero, José María; Clavijo, Jairo; Mendoza, Hernando; Barbosa, Gonzalo; Vargas, G.; Bernal, R.E.; Ferreira, P. (1994), Plancha 65 - Tamalameque - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
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- Bernal Vargas, Luis Enrique; Mantilla Figueroa, Luis Carlos (2006), Plancha 85 - Simití - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Bernal Vargas, Luis Enrique; Mantilla Figueroa, Luis Carlos (2006), Plancha 96 - Bocas del Rosario - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- UPTC (2012), Plancha 108 - Puerto Wilches - 1:100,000 (PDF), Servicio Geológico Colombiano, p. 1, retrieved 2018-06-01