Penza Governorate (Russian: Пензенская губерния, romanized: Penzenskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire and Russian SFSR, located in the Volga Region. It existed from 1780 to 1797 and again from 1801 to 1928; its capital was in Penza.

Penza Governorate was subdivided into ten uyezds:

• Gorodishchensky Uyezd
• Insarsky Uyezd
• Kerensky Uyezd
• Krasnoslobodsky Uyezd
• Mokshansky Uyezd
• Narovchatsky Uyezd
• Nizhnelomovsky Uyezd
• Penzensky Uyezd
• Saransky Uyezd
• Chembarsky Uyezd

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Penza Governorate had a population of 1,470,474. Of these, 83.0% spoke Russian, 12.8% Mordvin, 4.0% Tatar, 0.1% Ukrainian and 0.1% Polish as their native language.

53°12′00″N 45°00′00″E / 53.2000°N 45.0000°E / 53.2000; 45.0000