Połaniec [pɔˈwaɲɛt͡s] is a town in Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 8,406 inhabitants (2012). The town is in Lesser Poland, and its history dates back to the early days of Polish statehood. It lies in the western part of the Sandomierz Basin, a few kilometres north of the Vistula, along the National Road Nr. 79, from Bytom to Warsaw. The town has a railway station serving a secondary line, nr. 75 from Rytwiany to Połaniec.

The Połaniec Power Station, is one of the largest (1800 MW) coal-fired power plants in Poland and, since 2012, one of the largest biomass plants in the world. It is located outside the town, in the nearby village of Zawada.

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The history of Połaniec dates back to the 11th century, when a gord was built near the spot where the Czarna flows into the Vistula. A settlement emerged in the 11th–12th centuries, with St. Catherine church in the vicinity of the gord. In 1241 Połaniec was completely destroyed in the Mongol invasion of Poland, and near the local village of Tursko a battle took place with the invaders. Połaniec recovered, gaining town rights before 1264, and by 1340, it had some 400 residents. Ten years later, in 1350, King Casimir III the Great ordered the town to move from its location on the Winna Góra hill to its present location. In the late Middle Ages, Połaniec was an important trade centre, located along the merchant route from Kraków to Sandomierz, and near the very important waterway, the Vistula. It was a royal town of the Kingdom of Poland, administratively located in the Sandomierz County in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province.

At the beginning of the 16th century, Połaniec was burned to the ground by the Crimean Tatars, so that King Zygmunt Stary lowered the residents' taxes. In 1526 the town was once again in a conflagration. In the mid-16th century, a town hall, funded by hetman Jan Tarnowski was erected in Połaniec. At the beginning of the 17th century, a hospital was built. Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Połaniec suddenly became a border town of Poland, when the Austrian province of Galicia was created. Establishing a border along the Vistula slowed economic development in Połaniec. In 1794 the town was one of centres of the Kościuszko Uprising: it was the scene of the Proclamation of Połaniec on 7 May 1794. During the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 the town was annexed by Austria. After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was part of the Polish Duchy of Warsaw. After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. On 1 June 1869, as a punishment for the January Uprising, it lost its town privileges. At that time, its population was around 2,000. While in the Kielce Voivodeship during the Second Polish Republic Połaniec suffered badly in the 1934 floods. Połaniec had a large Jewish population, who were murdered in the Holocaust by the German occupiers during World War II. In 1939, the Polish resistance organized a collection and shipping point for aid packages for Poles who had lost their homes and possessions in other regions, i.e. those arrested or expelled by the Germans and those fleeing Soviet-occupied eastern Poland. A smuggling point for Polish underground press was based in the town.

In the 1970s, the Tadeusz Kościuszko Power Plant was built, and in 1980, Połaniec regained its town rights.

According to the 2011 Poland census, there were 8,227 people residing in Połaniec, of whom 49.6% were male and 50.4% were female. In the town, the population was distributed such that 18.6% under the age of 18, 40.9% from 18 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 or older.

Table 1. Population level of town in 2010 – by age group

SPECIFICATION					Measure unit	POPULATION (by age group in 2010)
						TOTAL	0-4	5-9	10-14	15-19	20-24	25-29	30-34	35-39	40-44	45-49	50-54	55-59	60-64	65-69	70-74	75-79	80-84	85 +
I.	TOTAL				person	8,227	434	355	442	537	820	842	574	465	425	695	964	735	419	141	120	124	73	62
	—	of which in			%	100	5.3	4.3	5.4	6.5	10	10.2	7	5.7	5.2	8.4	11.7	8.9	5.1	1.7	1.5	1.5	0.9	0.8
	1.	BY SEX
		A.	Males		person	4,078	220	166	232	257	404	464	289	244	196	304	479	378	226	74	54	46	35	10
			—	of which in	%	49.6	2.7	2	2.8	3.1	4.9	5.6	3.5	3	2.4	3.7	5.8	4.6	2.7	0.9	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.1
		B.	Females		person	4,149	214	189	210	280	416	378	285	221	229	391	485	357	193	67	66	78	38	52
			—	of which in	%	50.4	2.6	2.3	2.6	3.4	5.1	4.6	3.5	2.7	2.8	4.8	5.9	4.3	2.3	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.5	0.6

Figure 1. Population pyramid of town in 2010 – by age group and sex

Table 2. Population level of town in 2010 – by sex

SPECIFICATION						Measure unit	POPULATION (by sex in 2010)
							TOTAL	Males	Females
I.	TOTAL					person	8,227	4,078	4,149
	—	of which in				%	100	49.6	50.4
	1.	BY AGE GROUP
		A.	At pre-working age			person	1,530	759	771
			—	of which in		%	18.6	9.2	9.4
		B.	At working age. grand total			person	5,984	3,100	2,884
			—	of which in		%	72.7	37.7	35
			a.	at mobile working age		person	3,364	1,713	1,651
				—	of which in	%	40.9	20.8	20.1
			b.	at non-mobile working age		person	2,620	1,387	1,233
				—	of which in	%	31.8	16.8	15
		C.	At post-working age			person	713	219	494
			—	of which in		%	8.7	2.7	6

Połaniec is twinned with:

• Polish official population figures 2006