The department covers a vast expanse of territory in eastern Bolivia, much of it rainforests, extending from the Andes to the border with Brazil. The department's economy depends largely on agriculture, with sugar, cotton, soybeans and rice being grown. The amount of land cultivated by modern farming techniques is increasing rapidly in the Santa Cruz area, where weather allows for two crops a year.

In recent years, the discovery of natural gas in the department has led to plans for the development of a regional natural gas industry that is likely to boost the local economy. Bolivia's energy minister said two proposed liquefied petroleum gas plants may allow the country to boost supplies to Brazil and Argentina by 2010, easing a shortage of the fuel after a lack of investment reduced output. The processing plants would be built in Santa Cruz and each would produce about 200 tons of liquefied petroleum gas a day. The plants would help turn a deficit of gas into a “surplus”.

In July 2004, the people voted in a nationwide referendum to allow for regulated exportation of the gas.

The department also hosts El Mutún, the world's second largest iron ore reserve (after Carajás in Brazil) and largest magnesium deposits are also located there. Located in the Germán Busch Province in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia, near Puerto Suárez, El Mutún extends across the border into Brazil, where it is called the Serrania de Jacadigo. Also known as the "Serrania Mutún", it has an area of about 75 square kilometers. Its estimated reserves are about 40.205 billion tons of iron ore of 50% iron, mainly in hematite and magnetite form, and in lesser quantities in siderite and manganese minerals. This can be compared with an estimate of the total world reserves of iron ore: 800 billion tons of crude ore containing more than 230 billion tons of iron.

Santa Cruz Department is the largest of the Bolivian departments and covers a wide and diverse area. In the west lies a series of temperate Sub-Andean ranges and valleys while to the north and south lies two different lowlands areas; the Beni and Chaco lowlands respectively. To the northeast lies the flat Llanos Chiquitanos areas and beyond these the Serranías Chiquitanas ranges. In the far east the departments have small parts of the huge Pantanal wetland.

The rivers of Santa Cruz are part of any of two basins: the Amazon Basin (north) and the Plate Basin (south).

The main rivers in the northern basin are river Iténez, making the border with Brazil, Río Grande, river Piraí and river Itonomas. In the southern basin, the main rivers are river Paraguay and its tributaries, including river Negro.

The main lakes are lake Mandioré, Uberaba, lake La Gaiba, Laguna de Marfil, Concepción and lake San Jorge.

The rivers by length within Santa Cruz:

8 out of 48 km of the Paraguay not part of the Brazilian border.

The main lakes by their area within the department:

The department of Santa Cruz is one of the Bolivian departments with the least indigenous population, and the one with the greatest mestizo and Creole identity. The first settlers of Santa Cruz were mainly Spaniards that accompanied Ñuflo de Chávez, as well as Guarani, and some Flemings, Portuguese, Germans and Italians working for the Spanish crown. Among the first settlers there were also Sephardic Jews recently converted to Christianity who were persecuted by the Inquisition in Spain. Santa Cruz has a multicultural population: 57% are Mestizos with both Indigenous Amazonian and European ascendants, 30% are Natives (Chiquitano, Chane, Ayoreo, as well as Quechua and Aymara internal migrants from other departments.) and 13% are Whites of European descent, of whom about a quarter are so-called "Russian" Mennonites (see Mennonites in Bolivia) of German tradition, language and descent.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1976	710,724	—
1992	1,364,389	+4.16%
2001	2,029,471	+4.51%
2012	2,657,762	+2.48%
2024	3,115,386	+1.33%
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Source: Citypopulation

At 416 meters above sea level, it is warm and tropical most of the year. Winters are short and last only 2–3 months but can get very cold very suddenly. "Surazos" (southerly winds that blow in from Argentina) can drop the temperature by as much as 30 degrees overnight. This extreme cold lasts only a few days at a time and the beautiful, sub-tropical Santa Cruz is pleasant throughout most of the year. Here the climate varies by geographical zone: temperate to cold in the western sierras and warm to hot and humid as one descends into the extensive plains.

The department of Santa Cruz regularly experiences devastating forest fires, often started by landowners who want to burn forests to create new agricultural land. This practice puts a great strain on the rich biodiversity of the country.

The Department of Santa Cruz is divided into 15 provinces.

Province	Capital	Area (km)
Andrés Ibáñez	Santa Cruz de la Sierra	4,821	1,653,001
Ignacio Warnes	Warnes	1,216	108,888
José Miguel de Velasco	San Ignacio	65,425	69,972
Ichilo	Buena Vista	14,232	92,721
Chiquitos	San José	31,429	82,429
Sara	Portachuelo	6,886	42,278
Cordillera	Lagunillas	86,245	120,111
Vallegrande	Vallegrande	6,414	26,576
Florida	Samaipata	4,132	32,842
Obispo Santiesteban	Montero	3,673	181,169
Ñuflo de Chávez	Concepción	54,150	116,545
Ángel Sandoval	San Matías	37,442	14,415
Manuel Maria Caballero	Comarapa	2,310	23,267
Germán Busch	Puerto Suárez	24,903	42,799
Guarayos	Ascensión	20,293	48,301

During the later stages of the Chaco war between Paraguay and Bolivia, as the Paraguayan army approached Santa Cruz department, local nationalists backed by a Paraguay-based independence movement sought to create a separate independent state in Santa Cruz department.

A referendum on autonomy was held in Santa Cruz department in 2008. Eastern departments in Bolivia, including Santa Cruz, have majority of the natural gas reserves. Bolivian president Evo Morales was planning to introduce legislation to tackle the poverty in the country using tax revenues from richer departments like Santa Cruz. Additionally, Morales's attempts to change the constitution were opposed by the opposition governors who run five of Bolivia's nine regions. 85.6 percent voted in favour of autonomy. The Bolivian government considered the referendum illegal.

• Campanero, a portion of the population speak the Quechua language
• Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area
• Paurito
• Samaipata, Bolivia
• San José, Andrés Ibáñez
• Shrine of the Virgen de Cotoca (Patron Saint of the Department)
• Tucavaca Valley Municipal Reserve

• El Carmen
• Guadalupe, Vallegrande
• Hardeman
• Ipitá
• Jorochito
• Limoncito
• Mora, Cordillera
• Puerto Rico, El Torno
• Pulquina
• San Ignacio del Sara
• San Pedro, Santistevan

• Ríos Blanco y Negro Wildlife Reserve

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia).

• Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Santa Cruz Travel Guide
• Weather in Santa Cruz Archived 2012-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
• Full information of Santa Cruz Department

18°25′05″S 62°20′42″W / 18.418°S 62.345°W / -18.418; -62.345