Tindfjallajökull
Geography
Its highest peak is Ýmir [ˈiːmɪr̥] at 1,462 m (4,797 ft), which takes its name from the giant Ýmir of Norse mythology. The peak Ýma is about 500 m (1,600 ft) to its east. The Thórólfsfell (Þórólfsfel) tuya at 595 m (1,952 ft) is on the southern flanks of Tindfjallajökull, about 8 km (5.0 mi) south of the glacier. Its eastern slopes abut the Þórsmörk ignimbrite. The western flank has a prominence near Austurdalur and the eastern flank that of Vestriöxl at 1,002 m (3,287 ft). About 2 km (1.2 mi) to the north of Ýma is the peak of Sindri at 1,272 m (4,173 ft). Ásgrindur at 1,299 m (4,262 ft) is a similar distance north of Ýmir.
Volcano
The central volcano is 15 to 20 km (9.3 to 12.4 mi) in diameter with a 5 by 7 km (3.1 by 4.3 mi) wide caldera and has erupted rocks of basaltic to rhyolitic composition. The most recent eruption is suspected to have been in the Holocene, and the prior mountain building eruptions must have been before 55,000 years ago. There are eight tuyas in the volcanic system. The largest, the asymmetric Thórólfsfell tuya with its area of about 8 km (3.1 sq mi) and prominence of about 450 m (1,480 ft) is the type tuya for tuya's where there is no evidence for the presence of a large and long-lived meltwater lake under the ice cover, as meltwater was able to drain away between its formative eruptions. In the 1980's it was postulated that the Þórsmörk ignimbrite originated from the volcano but it originated from Torfajökull to the north. Sultarfell is a pale coloured rhyolitic hill in the fissure swarm north-east of Tindfjallajökull. There is a hot spring in Hitagil to the south-east so some geothermal activity remains.
Glacier
Tindfjallajökull | |
---|---|
Type | Glacier |
Location | Iceland |
Coordinates | 63°48′N 19°35′W / 63.800°N 19.583°W |
Area | 12.4 km (4.8 sq mi). |
Status | Retreating |
It is capped by a glacier that has been mapped to a maximum in the 1890's of about 22.6 km (8.7 sq mi) in area, but which by 2019 had had a 45% decrease in area. In 1945 to 1946 it was mapped to an area of 16.8 km (6.5 sq mi), in 2000 15 km (5.8 sq mi) and 2019 12.4 km (4.8 sq mi). The only current outlet glacier with a moraine is unnamed down the Eystri Botná valley but between 1994 and 2006 had surge glacier characteristics before regressing again. Part of the glacier to the north has now separated into three with one glacier being called Blesárjökull. A small glacier on the eastern slopes of Ýma called Ýmujökull has disappeared.
The rivers that flow from the glacier are Hvítmaga [ˈkʰvitˌmaːɣa] to the north-east, Gilsá [ˈcɪlsˌauː] to the south, Þórólfsá [ˈθouːroul(f)sˌauː] to the south-west, Valá [ˈvaːlˌauː] to the north-west and Blesá [ˈplɛːsˌauː] to the north. Hvítmaga, Gilsá and Þórólfsá drain into Markarfljót while Valá and Blesá drain into Eystri Rangá [ˈeistrɪ ˈrauŋkˌauː].
See also
References
- ^ "National Land Survey of Iceland-Mapviewer (Kortasja-Landmælingar Íslands)". Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ Moles, J. D.; McGarvie, D.; Stevenson, J. A.; Sherlock, S. C. (2018). "Geology of Tindfjallajökull volcano, Iceland". Journal of Maps. 14 (2): 22–31. doi:10.1080/17445647.2018.1425163.
- ^ Sigurðsson, Oddur; Williams, Richard S. (2008). "Geographic Names of Iceland's Glaciers:Historic and Modern". In Richard S. Williams Jr.; Jane G. Ferrigno (eds.). Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World series (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-D (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "Tindfjallajökull". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ Guðmundsson, Magnús T. (2019). "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Tindfjallajökull Alternative name: Tindfjöll". Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ "nat.is - Tindfjallajökull". Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ Hodgetts, A.G.; McGarvie, D.; Tuffen, H.; Simmons, I.C. (2021). "The Thórólfsfell tuya, South Iceland–A new type of basaltic glaciovolcano". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 411: 107175. Bibcode:2021JVGR..41107175H. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107175.
- ^ Moles, J.D.; McGarvie, D.; Stevenson, J.A.; Sherlock, S.C.; Abbott, P.M.; Jenner, F.E.; Halton, A.M. (2019). "Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland)". Geology. 47 (6): 577–580. doi:10.1130/G46004.1.
- ^ Hannesdóttir, H.; Sigurðsson, O.; Þrastarson, R.H.; Guðmundsson, S.; Belart, J.M.; Pálsson, F.; Magnusson, E.; Víkingsson, S.; Kaldal, I.; Jóhannesson, T. (2020). "A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019". Jökull. 12: 1–34. doi:10.33799/jokull2020.70.001.
- ^ Miodońska, Alicja. Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery: Masters Thesis (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Lund University. pp. 1–110.
- ^ Arnar, Elías (2021). Geomorphological mapping of a paraglacial slope instability at the southeastern Tindfjallajökull glacier: BS thesis (Thesis). Reykjavík, Iceland: Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland. pp. 1–51.
External links
- Tindfjallajökull Archived 2019-03-01 at the Wayback Machine in the Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes
- Map of the area
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