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The World's Fair formally opened on April 23, 1964, and President Johnson dedicated the United States Pavilion the same day. During the opening ceremony, hundreds of civil rights activists organized a sit-in at the pavilion and were arrested. When the fair opened, Moses indicated that the United States Pavilion might be preserved after the fair. The hall of presidents was not complete at the time, and the pavilion's operators had not even decided what to display in the hall of presidents. The American Journey attraction was also not ready for the fair's opening, and it was dedicated on May 5, 1964. Despite the pavilion's prominent location and large size, it was initially unpopular among guests. The building had relatively few exhibits on opening day, and the pavilion's design created a severe bottleneck. By July, though, it was one of the fair's most popular pavilions.

A bust of John F. Kennedy was installed at the pavilion in July 1964, and Paul von Ringelheim's sculpture World Peace Screen was dedicated at the pavilion that month. Dalrymple hosted fashion shows at the pavilion during mid-1964, and librarians also told stories to children at the pavilion's library every day. The pavilion also hosted special events such as a party for its sponsors, a press conference by Johnson, and an Armenian Independence Day celebration. Toward the end of the 1964 season, a scale model of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., was displayed at the United States Pavilion. The pavilion closed for the season on October 18, 1964. During the season, the pavilion had received 5.5 million visitors, while the fair as a whole had had 33 million visitors. The WFC described the U.S. government as one of "four bellwethers" that it wished to attract for the fair's second season.

Between the 1964 and 1965 seasons, some of the pavilion's staff members remained at the building. As part of a renovation of several federal and state pavilions, a hall of presidents was to be added to the United States Pavilion. The U.S. government appointed a committee to curate the displays in the hall of presidents, and an exhibit about "the challenges and opportunities facing the American people" was also added. In addition, Winston selected 184 groups from across the U.S. and Canada to perform at the pavilion during 1965, and dancing and music programs were also presented. Moses wrote to the Mayor's Committee on the Future of Flushing Meadow in early 1965, asking them to retain two pavilions after the fair ended, but no decision on the United States Pavilion was made at that time. The building's preservation depended on whether the federal government was willing to pay for its upkeep. The trustees of the nearby New York Hall of Science wanted to convert the Ford and United States pavilions into additional space for the Hall of Science, which was being converted into a museum. The museum did not know how much the United States Pavilion's conversion would cost, and the plan was ultimately rejected.

The artifacts for the hall of presidents were transported from Washington, D.C., to New York City in April 1965 via armored trucks. The items were stored in a bank vault before being shown at the fair. The pavilion reopened at the beginning of the fair's second season on April 21, 1965. The hall of presidents was receiving its finishing touches at the time, and it opened a few days later. During the 1965 season, the hall of presidents attracted many visitors who came to see the historical documents and other artifacts there. Among the visitors was Eisenhower, as well as Vice President Hubert Humphrey and the daughters of presidents Eisenhower and Johnson. The building also hosted events like a chess tournament. In addition, as part of a five-month pilot program, two New York City Police Department officers used the pavilion's computers to retrieve information about vehicles that had been pulled over throughout the city; this information helped other officers arrest 165 people for various traffic violations. Further artifacts were added to the hall of presidents during August 1965.

The Mayor's Committee on the Future of Flushing Meadow had recommended in mid-1965 that the United States Pavilion be razed after the fair, citing the high cost of renovations, though Winston supported its preservation. By that August, several organizations had proposed preserving the building, and the Queens Federation of Civic Council launched a fundraiser to preserve the structure. The New York Criminal and Civil Courts Bar Association proposed converting the building into a law school. Hofstra University and the Center for Applied Linguistics also made bids for the pavilion, and there were also proposals to give the structure to a city government agency. A month before the fair ended, there was still no decision on the building's future. The federal government was considering converting the building into a university library, linguistics library, job-training center, student exchange center, or training center for high school dropouts, but Moses opposed the training center plan. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimated that demolition would cost $250,000, while Javits placed the demolition cost at $2 million. When the fair's second season ended on October 18, 1965, the pavilion was closed with a flag-lowering ceremony.

When the fair ended, Moses was skeptical about the idea of preserving the building, since he wanted to redevelop the site immediately after the fair ended. The World's Fair Corporation mandated that most exhibition buildings in Flushing Meadows Park be demolished within 90 days of the fair's closure, although the U.S. Pavilion would not have to be razed until September 1966 if officials had decided to demolish it. The U.S. government had already spent the funds that had been allocated for the pavilion's demolition, and city officials were negotiating to preserve the New York State and U.S. pavilions. As such, the demolition contracts for the pavilions were postponed. If the United States Pavilion were to be retained, it would have to be upgraded to meet New York City building codes, and a heating system would have been needed. Mayor-elect John V. Lindsay supported the building's preservation, and the DOC also agreed to retain the building.

Wagner traveled to Washington, D.C., in November 1965 to discuss the building's preservation with federal officials. The following January, city and federal officials announced that the United States Pavilion would be preserved and would likely become an educational center. Moses, who had previously supported the building's demolition, was indifferent toward the new plans. Engineers had determined that the building's foundation was stable enough to accommodate a more permanent use. Discussions over the future use of the United States Pavilion continued for months after the World's Fair closed. The United States Pavilion was one of 18 structures that remained from the fair by mid-1966. An unidentified demolition contractor had offered to raze the building for $116,000, but their bid was rejected.

Moses wanted the structure to become "a cultural feature" of Flushing Meadows Park. City officials proposed converting Flushing Meadows into a "sports park" in 1966 and converting the pavilion into a sports venue, but this never happened. There were other proposals for the pavilion in the decade afterward, none of which came to fruition. In the late 1960s, these included suggestions to convert the building into an art museum, a cultural center, a visual research center, or a library for the City College of New York. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) ultimately dedicated the pavilion as part of Flushing Meadows Park in June 1967. The same year, the New York State Legislature passed a bill to allow the city to acquire the building, but the U.S. government ultimately retained control over the structure. The federal government at first employed police officers to guard the building, but it failed to maintain the structure. NYC Parks, which faced fiscal issues over the next decade, was also unable to keep the pavilion in good shape.

Federal and city officials had still not agreed on how the building should be used by late 1967. Various proposals for the pavilion's reuse were canceled due to the high cost of renovations. The pavilion's roof began to decay, and the building was extensively vandalized. During one visit to the building, City Council member Emanuel R. Gold (who supported the building's renovation) reported seeing evidence of marijuana use. According to Flushing Meadows Park Action Committee chairman Al Mauro, several small fires were set inside, and there was evidence of squatting on the property.

By 1969, the building still had not been upgraded to meet city building codes, which mandated that temporary structures be torn down after five years. NYC Parks announced in 1969 that the building would be razed at an estimated cost of $500,000. At the time, the city government estimated the cost of renovation at millions of dollars. Supporters of the pavilion's preservation claimed that the building could be restored for much less; they estimated the cost of renovations at $750,000. In November 1969, a bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate to provide $350,000 for the pavilion's demolition. A fence was built around the dilapidated pavilion. Congress rejected the appropriation after the Committee for the Establishment of the International Cultural Complex proposed renovating the building. The committee's plans entailed converting the United States Pavilion into a 500-seat art school with a student exchange program.

St. Francis College students David Oats and Eric Ierardi organized the Flushing Meadows Corona Park World's Fair Association in 1970, proposing that the building be converted into a cultural center in advance of the 1976 United States Bicentennial. At that point, the interior was in an advanced state of disrepair, with broken glass, tangled wires, missing fixtures, and dirt everywhere. A squatter had replaced the padlocks, stolen a power transformer, and piled up garbage to block off access to parts of the building. There was graffiti on the facade, and the pools around the pavilion had long since run dry. By 1971, several local community groups had submitted proposals for the reuse of the United States Pavilion. One proposal would have converted the building into the Queens Museum, but the museum instead moved into the nearby New York City Pavilion. Other proposals for the building included an art museum operated by the Queens Art Council; an art complex with a museum, theater, and classrooms operated by the Catan-Rose Art Institute; a children's shelter; and a recreational and cultural hub. Oats also circulated a petition to save the United States Pavilion, receiving 20,000 signatures.

The New York Daily News wrote in 1972 that architects and engineers had determined that the building did not have structural issues. Nonetheless, the city government took no action on any of these proposals, and Ierardi and Oats accused Lindsay of letting the pavilion decay. Later the same year, the Mid-Queens Community Council proposed reusing the building as the National Hall of Health, which would have contained exhibits and programs about health. There were also discussions about using the U.S. Pavilion as an exhibit hall during the bicentennial celebrations. The Flushing Meadows Park Action Committee's records indicate that the city government may took over the building in 1973, though city officials denied that they wanted the structure. That year, Queens borough president Donald Manes recommended that the building be used as a bicentennial exhibit hall. The decrepit structure was a popular hangout for drug users, and people continued to trespass despite the presence of the chain-link fence. The New York Daily News reported in 1974 that "it looks like a bomb hit" the interior, and the pavilion was also described as "not usable for anything". By then, the cost of demolition was estimated at $2 million, while renovation costs were estimated at $8 million.

Manes requested in March 1974 that the U.S. government either refurbish or raze the pavilion, and the DOC requested $800,000 for the building's demolition from the U.S. Office of Management and Budget in mid-1974. Supporters of the building's preservation said at the time that the building still did not have any structural issues. Marshall Lee of World Festival Associates proposed converting the building into an international festival structure in 1975 at a cost of $6 million. That December, the DOC allocated $530,000 to the GSA to pay for the building's demolition. U.S. Representative Benjamin Rosenthal requested that the DOC delay the demolition in March 1976 so preservationists could find a tenant for the building, but the DOC rejected his request. Mauro suggested that the building could be added to the Gateway National Recreation Area, which, at the time, mostly consisted of beaches and wetlands. Despite efforts from preservationists, the GSA began requesting bids from demolition contractors in mid-1976. Eleven companies bid for the contract.

In a final attempt to prevent the demolition, Kathy Friedman of the Mid-Queens Community Council filed a lawsuit that July. Federal judge John Francis Dooling Jr. dismissed Friedman's lawsuit, saying the group had no standing to oppose the demolition. U.S. Representative Mario Biaggi requested that the DOC delay the building's destruction while Congress voted on whether to add part of Flushing Meadows Corona Park to the Gateway National Recreation Area. The DOC denied Biaggi's request in October 1976, and it awarded a $147,000 demolition contract that month. The P. J. Maffei Construction Corporation began wrecking the building in January 1977, and the structure caught fire that March while it was being torn down. After demolition was completed in mid-1977, the site was landscaped and flattened to make way for an expansion of the USTA National Tennis Center. Arthur Ashe Stadium was built on the pavilion's site, opening in 1996.

Attractions and geographical features of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park

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The United States Pavilion was a boxy structure designed by Charles Luckman Associates. Leon Deller of Luckman's firm was the primary architect. Severud-Elstad-Krueger was the structural engineer, while Bethlehem Steel provided the steel that was used in the building.

The building occupied a 4.5-acre (1.8 ha) site in the middle of the fairground's Federal and State area, north of the Unisphere. The building was supposed to have been a permanent structure. It was supported by 2,300 pilings; although early plans called for the building to be supported by temporary wood pilings, these were changed to steel-and-concrete pilings during the development process. WFC officials claimed that the building could stand for a century. Unlike some of the other pavilions that charged an admission fee, the United States Pavilion was free to enter.

Exterior

The structure was equivalent in height to a 8+1⁄2-story building. It measured 84 feet (26 m) high and was supported by four stilts measuring 18 feet (5.5 m) tall. From above, the building appeared as a hollow square, with a frontage of 330 feet (100 m) on each side. The structure had a translucent facade made of plastic panels, which were cast in various shades of green and blue. The facade reflected the sunlight during the daytime and were illuminated from inside during the nighttime. The rear (north) wall of the pavilion contained Paul von Ringelheim's sculpture World Peace Screen, which was commissioned by Fairleigh Dickinson University and shipped to the university campus after the fair. The wall weighed 9,500 pounds (4,300 kg) and measured 35 feet (11 m) wide by 8.5 feet (2.6 m) tall.

In front of the pavilion was John F. Kennedy Plaza, where work by 19 American sculptors was displayed. Except for Jacques Lipchitz's sculpture Song of the Vowels, which was finished in 1932, the plaza's sculptures were all cast between 1958 and 1964. The building was accessed by various escalators and stairs around the plaza. The staircases were the largest on the fairground, with 72 steps divided into four flights. They were shaped like the sides of pyramids, narrowing to 4 feet (1.2 m) at their tops. There was a secondary wheelchair-accessible entrance. The structure was surrounded by a moat with fountains, which was spanned by four bridges.

At the center of the building was an open-air garden court, which linked all of the pavilion's exhibits and included shrubs, trees, and sculpture. Luckman intended for the garden court to give visitors an "atmosphere of peaceful relief". The garden court contained a quote from Archibald MacLeish, which read: "The American Journey has not yet ended. America is never accomplished. America is always to build." The building's primary stilts were located at each corner of the court. The building was cantilevered 75 feet (23 m) inward from these stilts. At the time of the building's construction, The Christian Science Monitor said it was "believed to be the largest building cantilever project ever erected". The inner walls were constructed out of trusses measuring 182 feet (55 m) long and 57 feet (17 m) high. There were two pairs of trusses along the inner walls and another two pairs on the outer walls.

Interior

Inside the building were two above-ground exhibit floors. When the building was under construction, Winston estimated that the United States Pavilion could accommodate 40,000 people per day. The pavilion not only hosted stationary displays but also employed Peace Corps volunteers, who talked about their experiences in the Peace Corps. Visitors first watched a film in the building's 600-seat theater before they rode the American Journey attraction on the building's second floor. After exiting the American Journey attraction, they could access the rest of the exhibits. The building had elevators and wheelchair-accessible restrooms, and the pavilion's staff helped handicapped visitors navigate the pavilion. One source described the spaces as climate-controlled, although the pavilion lacked a heating system.

Exhibit spaces

The first floor had a panorama depicting the United States in the 1960s and the future of the U.S. Displayed in the building's foyer was a 380-pound (170 kg), gilded wooden sculpture of an eagle, which was designed by United States Navy diver Ernst Benson. A quote from Lyndon B. Johnson, "Greatness is a challenge, not a conclusion", was also displayed on the foyer wall. The Challenge to Greatness exhibit, on the same floor, was divided into three sections about freedom, the history of the land, and "New America". There was another exhibit space, the Exhibit Hall of the Great Society, with seven sections about various aspects of American culture, technology, history, and economy. In addition, the pavilion had two scientific exhibits: Challenge of Freedom, which was themed to progress, and Challenge of a Peaceful World, which showcased technology.

The pavilion displayed models, paintings, photos, posters, and other objects relating to American history and culture. An interactive chart showed the position of every man-made space object, and a 7-by-4-foot (2.1 by 1.2 m) diorama of the Morton neighborhood in Philadelphia was also on display. A 42-by-30-foot (12.8 by 9.1 m) replica of the Star-Spangled Banner flag was also installed at the U.S. Pavilion; the flag was originally created for the nearby Maryland Pavilion, whose operators could not find space to display the flag there.

The pavilion also included an 8,000-square-foot (740 m) hall of presidents, which displayed artifacts from 13 U.S. presidents. At the entrance to the hall was a quote by Lyndon B. Johnson, crediting Kennedy with devising the idea for the hall. The hall operated only during the 1965 season and had been used as storage space during 1964. There were items from George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk, Abraham Lincoln, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy. The artifacts included Washington's first inaugural address, Lincoln's two inaugural addresses, and a copy of the United States Bill of Rights, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the Gettysburg Address. The hall also exhibited presidents' personal belongings, such as a pistol, lock of hair, campaign sign, and chair. Each president's items was placed in a different section of the hall. The objects were protected continuously by ultrasonic alarms, in addition to security guards.

Library and auditoriums

There was a 10,000-square-foot (930 m) library operated by the American Library Association, which had additional information on the topics mentioned in the Challenge to Greatness exhibit. The library contained items from the President's Library at the White House. The library also contained UNIVAC 490 computers, where visitors could search up information about the exhibits. Visitors could print out bibliographies related to their queries, and visitors in several other American cities could remotely use the UNIVAC 490 devices to look up information. Visitors could also listen to book reviews at the library, and there were daily storytelling sessions as well. The storytelling sessions were hosted in a room called the Children's World, where storytellers could dim the lights and display scenes on film projectors. There were also study areas for school groups, with TVs where lessons and documentaries could be displayed.

On the building's lower level, there was a 200-seat auditorium and a 600-seat theater. The larger theater screened a short film, Voyage to America, a 9-to-12 minute documentary about immigration to the United States. The film, directed by John Houseman, included a musical score composed by Virgil Thomson. The nearby auditorium was used for special events such as meetings, lectures, and recitals. In contrast to other countries' pavilions that displayed sculptures, paintings and artifacts, the United States Pavilion's auditorium mainly hosted performing arts. The United States Pavilion was originally supposed to include a third venue with 600 seats, which was intended to be a performing arts theater, but the theater was canceled before the building was completed.

American Journey attraction

Occupying the second floor was the American Journey, an amusement park–style dark ride attraction. It consisted of an approximately 15-minute tour scripted by the science-fiction novelist Ray Bradbury. The American Journey attraction included realistic sound effects, such as the sounds of rockets taking off, and it also included live performances and displays of artifacts.

Accompanying the tour was a Cinerama film, which was also called American Journey. The film depicted scenes from four centuries of American and pre-American history, with one- and two-sentence summaries of major events. There were clips from old films produced by Paramount Pictures, depictions of American landscapes, and "unusual and historic sequences" filmed throughout the United States. Cinerama filmed other parts of the movie at its studio in Redwood City, California. The footage was displayed on more than a hundred screens, which surrounded the ride's track. Most of the screens were flat and rectangular, but there were also domed and hexagonal screens, as well as a rectangular screen with 151 domes. The actor John McIntire narrated the film, which was dictated in the second person singular to give visitors the impression that they were personally involved in various aspects of American history. Donald Specht composed the film's score. The film was shortened and simplified during the 1965 season.

The ride itself consisted of twelve vehicles, each seating 54–55 passengers. The vehicles traveled along a winding tunnel, which measured 1,200 feet (370 m) or 1,250 feet (380 m) long. Vehicles departed from a loading station every 80 seconds, which gave the ride an hourly capacity of about 2,500 passengers. Each vehicle measured about 16 feet (4.9 m) across and 18 feet (5.5 m) long, with raised seats at the rear. Each rider had their own headset, which allowed visitors to listen to the film in English and four other languages.

Reception

Architectural commentary

Luckman's initial design for the pavilion was not well received. An editorial for Architectural Forum described the original plans as "three giant flying saucers, seemingly suspended in mid-air, and looking rather like the familiar pawnshop sign known to every inhabitant of every skid row". William Walton described the building as "a weird-looking thing, like a giant plant-stand". The redesigned pavilion received mixed commentary. Time magazine said that "Charles Luckman with his severely simple United States Pavilion" was probably the only American architect at the fair whose pavilion deserved special notice. A Progressive Architecture guidebook likened the building to "a gigantic ice-cream sandwich" with a blue and green plastic filling. By contrast, the critic Vincent Scully Jr. derided the pavilion as a "pompous pile of absolutely nothing".

When the building was completed, the Christian Science Monitor said the "use of lightweight structural glass has reached new artistic zeniths" in the U.S. and New York State pavilions. A critic for the Boston Globe described the building as an "extremely beautiful building", and a Chicago Tribune writer called the United States Pavilion "one of the most impressive buildings in the [fairground's] federal and state section". Americas magazine likened the building to "a huge box floating in space with a facade of multicolored glass". The American Institute of Steel Construction gave the building an architectural award in 1964, and Newsday wrote that, during the fair, the pavilion had received largely positive reviews from architects. In a 1972 study of World's Fair architecture at Flushing Meadows, the Flushing Meadows Corona Park World's Fair Association and the Queens Historical Society wrote that the U.S. Pavilion was one of several "interesting examples of architectural innovations of their respective periods".

Exhibit commentary

There was also commentary about the exhibits. Variety magazine described the American Journey ride as unusual, saying that the ride vehicles allowed "the audience [to] become an actual participant" in the namesake film. A Christian Science Monitor critic wrote of the American Journey and Voyage to America films: "I think you will leave with a feeling of vivid renewal." Newsweek described the American Journey film as "technically the most interesting and economically the most impressive film at the fair", praising the placement of the screens along the ride's track. Conversely, a critic for The Baltimore Sun praised the complexity of the ride but said "a less hectic pace might leave a more lasting impression of the picture content".

During the fair's second season, Bosley Crowther wrote in The New York Times that the simplified American Journey film "packs its message more clearly" compared with the version that was shown during the first season. Lawrence R. Samuel wrote retrospectively in 2007 that the American Journey "was a tour de force of equal parts patriotism and entertainment".

See also

• 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions

References

Notes

1. ^ The Soviet exhibit was canceled before the fair opened.
2. ^ The other three "bellwethers" were General Motors, the Soviet Union (which ultimately did not have a pavilion), and the Vatican.
3. ^ The cost has been variously cited as $1–4 million, $2 million or $7 million.
4. ^ Ada Louise Huxtable described the sides as measuring 300 feet (91 m) long.
5. ^ The New York Times characterized the walls as "green and yellow and blue" at night.
6. ^ Sources disagree on whether the ride had 120 or 130 screens. One source gives a figure of 150 screens.
7. ^ Sources agree on the number of vehicles but disagree on whether the ride vehicles could seat 54 or 55 passengers.

Citations

1. ^ "Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set" (PDF). The Sun. August 15, 1940. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2017 – via fultonhistory.com.
2. ^ "Flushing Meadow" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. July 13, 1949. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2017 – via fultonhistory.com.
3. ^ La Guardia International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Airport Access Program, Automated Guideway Transit System (NY, NJ): Environmental Impact Statement. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, New York State Department of Transportation. June 1994. p. 1.11. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
4. ^ "Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio". Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. May 3, 2015. p. 16. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
5. ^ The Unisphere (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 16, 1995. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
6. ^ Schumach, Murray (June 4, 1967). "Moses Gives City Fair Site as Park; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2D Biggest Recreation Area Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
7. ^ Scheibel, Kenneth (October 10, 1961). "President Supports World's Fair". The Ithaca Journal. Gannett News Service. p. 14. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
8. ^ Samuel 2007, p. 106.
9. ^ "Bill Provides For U.S. Role In N. Y. Fair: Aim Is 'Visual And Ideological Impact'". New York Herald Tribune. June 3, 1960. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327064757.
10. ^ "U.S. Science Site Urged at '64 Fair; Exhibition Asks Government to Sponsor a $30,000,000 Permanent Building". The New York Times. December 5, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
11. ^ "Ask Permanent Center For Science at '64 Fair". Newsday. December 5, 1960. p. 20. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898994988. Retrieved August 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
12. ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1033.
13. ^ "Plan for Fair Pushed; Drawing of Building Based on Youth's Idea to Be Studied". The New York Times. January 8, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
14. ^ "Fair Expected To Bring City $53,000,000: Estimate Submitted To Board by Moses". New York Herald Tribune. May 9, 1961. p. 30. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325421048.
15. ^ "Moses Asks a U.S. Fair Exhibit That All Mankind Will Admire; Urges Government to Shun 'Shopworn Stereotypes' in Its Pavilion, Not Even Planned Yet by Administration". The New York Times. May 23, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
16. ^ Shuster, Alvin (September 23, 1961). "Senators Shelve U.S. Role in Fair; But Javits and Keating Plan Steps to Obtain Funds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
17. ^ Hinden, Stan (September 22, 1961). "Ike Likes Plan for Fair But It's Not Unanimous". Newsday. p. 4. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898982313.
18. ^ "Moses Urges U. S. To Join the Fair; Denies a Federal Building, Paid for by Government, Would Breach Any Pact". The New York Times. September 13, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024; "Moses, Lausche Spar On U.S. Role in 64 Fair". Newsday. The Associated Press. September 13, 1961. p. 102. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898308797.
19. ^ Tirella 2013, p. 7.
20. ^ "World's Fair Bill Makes No Progress: Lausche Keeping It Out of Committee". New York Herald Tribune. September 23, 1961. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1342323019.
21. ^ "Too Big for His Britches". The Standard-Star. September 23, 1961. p. 6. Retrieved August 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
22. ^ "The World's Fair Deserves Better". New York Herald Tribune. September 22, 1961. p. 24. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326087963.
23. ^ Tirella 2013, p. 8.
24. ^ Cashman, John (October 3, 1962). "New Soviet Walkout Looms-- From Fair". Newsday. p. 5. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 899194206; Frankel, Max (October 3, 1962). "Soviet Pulls Out of World's Fair; Asserts U.S. Insists on Own Exhibition in Russia, but Capital Sees Pretext". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
25. ^ Hunt, Richard P. (October 2, 1961). "Kennedy to Back '64 World's Fair; President Plans Statement Expressing U.S. Interest at Request of Wagner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
26. ^ "U.S. Prodded on Fair; Moses Asks for Presidential Unit to Plan Pavilion". The New York Times. October 7, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
27. ^ Thompson, Robert (October 6, 1961). "President Backs Fair and Hopes for Dough". New York Daily News. p. 2. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
28. ^ "President Gives 'Enthusiastic' Backing to Wagner". The New York Times. October 28, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
29. ^ "U.S. Scored on Fair; Moses Urges Faster Planning for Government Exhibit". The New York Times. March 11, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
30. ^ "President Urges U.S. Role at Fair; Asks 25 Millions for Federal Area at Exposition Here". The New York Times. March 14, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024; "Washington at Work: White House". The Wall Street Journal. March 14, 1962. p. 13. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132817325.
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61. ^ Tirella 2013, p. 3.
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135. ^ Hornaday, Mary (July 12, 1965). "Want to Buy a Pavilion?". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 13. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510761559; "Spanish Pavilion, 'Jewel' of Fair, To Be Razed When Run Is Over; Moving Building or Keeping It at Flushing Meadow Too Costly, Admirers Find". The New York Times. July 13, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
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139. ^ Schram, Martin (October 6, 1965). "U.S. Tells Moses To Be Patient On Its Pavilion". Newsday. p. 15. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 914419838.
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Sources

• Cotter, Bill; Young, Bill (January 20, 2014). The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-4214-6.
• "Preview: The U.S.A. At The World's Fair!" (PDF). Mississippi Architect. September 1963. pp. 6–7.
• Samuel, Lawrence R. (August 30, 2007). The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair (1st ed.). Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0890-5.
• Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240. OL 1130718M.
• Tirella, Joseph (2013). Tomorrow-Land: The 1964-65 World's Fair and the Transformation of America. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-4930-0333-4.
• Your Guide to the Fair (PDF). The Travelers Insurance Companies. 1965.

External links

• World's Fair Photos website

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