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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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Vancouver South (federal Electoral District)
Vancouver South (French: Vancouver-Sud) is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1997, and since 2004. It covers the southern portion of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia. The district will be replaced by Vancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby for the 45th Canadian federal election.

Demographics

The riding is one of the most diverse in Canada, with less than one-fifth of the population being of European descent. As of 2021, four pan-ethnic groups form greater than 10 percent of the riding; 38.1% East Asian, 18.7% European, 17.8% South Asian and 16% Southeast Asian.

Vancouver South is the centre of the city's South Asian community; the colourful Punjabi Market (Little India) and the close-knit community of religious Sikhs dominate the area. The service sector, retail trade and manufacturing are the major sources of employment in Vancouver South. Nearly 30% of residents over the age of 25 years have obtained a university certificate or degree. The average family income is over $71,000. Unemployment is around 6.3%.

Panethnic groups in Vancouver South (2001−2021)
Panethnic
group 		2021 2016 2011 2006 2001
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
East Asian 41,190 38.14% 41,115 40.6% 40,960 41.37% 54,545 45.87% 49,735 44.66%
European 20,175 18.68% 19,180 18.94% 19,180 19.37% 28,240 23.75% 31,435 28.23%
South Asian 19,260 17.84% 17,655 17.43% 18,070 18.25% 17,990 15.13% 15,825 14.21%
Southeast Asian 17,275 16% 15,360 15.17% 13,815 13.95% 11,295 9.5% 9,305 8.36%
Latin American 2,520 2.33% 1,950 1.93% 2,025 2.05% 1,855 1.56% 1,370 1.23%
Indigenous 1,520 1.41% 1,355 1.34% 1,435 1.45% 1,070 0.9% 870 0.78%
African 1,350 1.25% 1,070 1.06% 980 0.99% 1,060 0.89% 890 0.8%
Middle Eastern 1,075 1% 840 0.83% 715 0.72% 1,180 0.99% 815 0.73%
Other 3,615 3.35% 2,745 2.71% 1,835 1.85% 1,655 1.39% 1,095 0.98%
Total responses 107,985 98.76% 101,265 98.39% 99,010 100% 118,905 98.84% 111,355 98.49%
Total population 109,339 100% 102,927 100% 100,966 100% 120,295 100% 113,065 100%
Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
Population drop between 2006 census and 2011 census due to 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution.
  1. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  2. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

History

This electoral district was formed in 1914 from Vancouver City riding.

In 1996, it was abolished and used to create Vancouver South—Burnaby with portions of New Westminster—Burnaby.

Vancouver South was re-created in 2003 when the Burnaby sections were moved into the new ridings Burnaby—Douglas and Burnaby—New Westminster.

The 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution concluded that the electoral boundaries of Vancouver South should be adjusted, and a modified electoral district of the same name will be contested in future elections. The redefined Vancouver South loses a portion of its current territory west of Cambie Street to the new district of Vancouver Granville, and gains a small area in the northeast currently included in Vancouver Kingsway. These new boundaries were legally defined in the 2013 representation order, which came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for October 2015. After the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, district was replaced by Vancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby, Vancouver Granville and Vancouver Kingsway.

Historical boundaries

  • 1914 representation order
    1914 representation order
  • 1933 representation order
    1933 representation order
  • 1947 representation order
    1947 representation order
  • 1952 representation order
    1952 representation order
  • 1966 representation order
    1966 representation order
  • 1976 representation order
    1976 representation order
  • 1987 representation order
    1987 representation order
  • 1996 representation order (as Vancouver South—Burnaby)
    1996 representation order (as Vancouver South—Burnaby)
  • 2003 representation order
    2003 representation order
  • 2013 representation order
    2013 representation order
  • 2023 representation order (as Vancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby)
    2023 representation order (as Vancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby)

Members of Parliament

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Parliament Years Member Party
Vancouver South
Riding created from Vancouver City
13th  1917–1921     Richard Clive Cooper Government (Unionist)
14th  1921–1925     Leon Johnson Ladner Conservative
15th  1925–1926
16th  1926–1930
17th  1930–1935     Angus MacInnis Independent Labour
18th  1935–1940     Howard Charles Green Conservative
19th  1940–1945     National Government
20th  1945–1949     Progressive Conservative
21st  1949–1953     Arthur Laing Liberal
22nd  1953–1957 Elmore Philpott
23rd  1957–1958     Ernest James Broome Progressive Conservative
24th  1958–1962
25th  1962–1963     Arthur Laing Liberal
26th  1963–1965
27th  1965–1968
28th  1968–1972
29th  1972–1974     John Allen Fraser Progressive Conservative
30th  1974–1979
31st  1979–1980
32nd  1980–1984
33rd  1984–1988
34th  1988–1993
35th  1993–1997     Herb Dhaliwal Liberal
Riding dissolved into Vancouver South—Burnaby
Riding re-created from Vancouver South—Burnaby
38th  2004–2006     Ujjal Dosanjh Liberal
39th  2006–2008
40th  2008–2011
41st  2011–2015     Wai Young Conservative
42nd  2015–2019     Harjit Sajjan Liberal
43rd  2019–2021
44th  2021–present
Riding dissolved into Vancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby,
Vancouver Granville and Vancouver Kingsway

Election results

Vancouver South, 2004–present

Its current representing MP is Harjit Sajjan, who is Minister of International Development in the current federal Cabinet. He has been its MP since the 2015 federal election, when he beat the Conservative then-incumbent by more than 6,000 votes.


2021 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Harjit Sajjan 19,910 49.4 $82,846.68
New Democratic Sean McQuillan 9,922 24.6 $3,175.98
Conservative Sukhbir Singh Gill 9,060 22.5 $90,407.62
People's Anthony Cook 1,104 2.7 $1,151.17
Marxist–Leninist Anne Jamieson 287 0.7 $0.00
Total valid votes/expense limit 40,283 100.0 – $108,408.40
Total rejected ballots 493
Turnout 40,776
Eligible voters
Source: Elections Canada
2019 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Harjit Sajjan 17,808 41.2 -7.61 $96,879.65
Conservative Wai Young 14,388 33.3 -0.58 $82,900.36
New Democratic Sean McQuillan 8,015 18.6 +4.63 none listed
Green Judy Zaichkowsky 2,451 5.7 +3.12 none listed
People's Alain Deng 532 1.2 – $11,771.39
Total valid votes/expense limit 43,194 100.0
Total rejected ballots 431
Turnout 43,625 58.9
Eligible voters 74,114
Liberal hold Swing -3.52
Source: Elections Canada
2015 Canadian federal election: Vancouver South
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Harjit Sajjan 21,773 48.81 +15.05 $161,402.16
Conservative Wai Young 15,115 33.88 -8.54 $118,748.27
New Democratic Amandeep Nijjar 6,230 13.97 -7.10 $63,954.79
Green Elain Ng 1,149 2.58 +0.37 $5,232.68
Marxist–Leninist Charles Boylan 178 0.40 -0.09 –
Progressive Canadian Raj Gupta 166 0.37 – –
Total valid votes/Expense limit 44,611 100.00   $203,440.39
Total rejected ballots 259 0.58 –
Turnout 44,870 64.04 –
Eligible voters 70,062
Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +11.80
Source: Elections Canada
2011 federal election redistributed results
Party Vote %
  Conservative 15,571 42.43
  Liberal 12,389 33.76
  New Democratic 7,732 21.07
  Green 808 2.20
  Others 202 0.55
2011 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Wai Young 19,504 43.31 +4.87
Liberal Ujjal Dosanjh 15,604 34.65 -3.84
New Democratic Meena Wong 8,552 18.99 +1.37
Green Jean Hakizimana 1,151 2.55 -2.38
Marxist–Leninist Charles Boylan 222 0.49 -0.01
Total valid votes 45,033 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 281 0.62 +0.09
Turnout 45,314 55.77 +3.77
Eligible voters 81,245
Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +4.36
2008 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Ujjal Dosanjh 16,110 38.49 -9.56 $74,163
Conservative Wai Young 16,090 38.44 +11.30 $80,086
New Democratic Ann Chambers 7,376 17.62 -3.45 $22,765
Green Csaba Gulyas 2,065 4.93 +1.65 $413
Marxist–Leninist Charles Boylan 211 0.50 +0.04
Total valid votes/Expense limit 41,852 100.0     $85,093
Total rejected ballots 223 0.53 +0.12
Turnout 42,075 52.00 -4.00
Liberal hold Swing -10.43
2006 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Ujjal Dosanjh 20,991 48.05 +3.54 $62,784
Conservative Tarlok Sablok 11,856 27.14 +1.64 $68,523
New Democratic Bev Meslo 9,205 21.07 -3.48 $30,481
Green Doug Perry 1,435 3.28 -0.30 $1,280
Marxist–Leninist Charles Boylan 202 0.46 +0.17
Total valid votes 43,689 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 181 0.41 -0.29
Turnout 43,870 56.00
Liberal hold Swing +0.95
2004 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % Expenditures
Liberal Ujjal Dosanjh 18,196 44.51 $67,157
Conservative Victor Soo Chan 10,426 25.50 $70,471
New Democratic Bev Meslo 10,038 24.55 $33,575
Green Doug Perry 1,465 3.58 $1,451
Christian Heritage Frank Wagner 339 0.82
Marxist–Leninist Charles Boylan 119 0.29 $150
Communist Stephen Von Sychowski 105 0.25 $389
Independent H. Sandhu 98 0.23 $5,846
Canadian Action Joe Sixpack Horrocks 90 0.22
Total valid votes 40,876 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 284 0.69
Turnout 41,160 56
This riding was re-created from parts of Vancouver South—Burnaby, which elected a Liberal in the previous election.

Vancouver South, 1917–1997

1993 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Herb Dhaliwal 17,215 35.62 +6.83
Reform Gordon Shreeve 12,291 25.43 +23.34
Progressive Conservative K. K. Wan 11,357 23.50 -18.73
New Democratic John Maté 3,625 7.50 -16.26
National Cameron Ward 2,113 4.37 –
Libertarian John Clarke 554 1.15 -0.74
Green Valerie Jerome 418 0.86 +0.21
Natural Law Prince Pabbies 285 0.59 –
Independent Jas Mangat 278 0.58 –
Independent Dan Logan 69 0.14 –
Independent Robert Walter Ross 60 0.12 –
Marxist–Leninist Allan H. Bezanson 47 0.10 –
Independent Issam Mansour 20 0.04 –
Total valid votes 48,332 100.0  
Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing -8.26
1988 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative John Allen Fraser 21,222 42.23 -12.64
Liberal Woody MacLaren 14,468 28.79 +8.31
New Democratic Martin Toren 11,939 23.76 +0.25
Reform Don Evans 1,052 2.09 –
Libertarian John Clarke 946 1.88 –
Green Douglas Dunn 327 0.65 -0.49
Rhinoceros Brian Godzilla Salmi 173 0.34 –
Independent Barbara Waldern 74 0.15 –
Communist Reginald Walters 54 0.11 –
Total valid votes 50,255 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing -10.48
1984 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative John Allen Fraser 25,469 54.87 +1.59
New Democratic Brian Ernest Emery 10,909 23.50 +2.24
Liberal Harkirpal S. Sara 9,507 20.48 -4.03
Green Don Smardon 529 1.14 –
Total valid votes 46,414 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing -0.32
1980 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative John Allen Fraser 22,288 53.28 -0.51
Liberal Patrick F. Graham 10,254 24.51 -0.56
New Democratic Judy McManus 8,896 21.27 +0.36
Rhinoceros Linda Fleming 327 0.78 –
Marxist–Leninist Amarjit S. Dhillon 63 0.15 -0.07
Total valid votes 41,828 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +0.02
1979 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative John Allen Fraser 22,653 53.80 +0.92
Liberal Tony Toth 10,558 25.07 -6.50
New Democratic Judy McManus 8,806 20.91 +5.83
Marxist–Leninist Amarjit Dhillon 91 0.22 +0.04
Total valid votes 42,108 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +3.71
1974 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative John Allen Fraser 23,247 52.88 +12.84
Liberal Peter Oberlander 13,881 31.57 -1.22
New Democratic Roger Howard 6,629 15.08 -10.04
Communist James W. Beyon 129 0.29 –
Marxist–Leninist Anne Boylan 79 0.18 –
Total valid votes 43,965 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +7.03
1972 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative John Allen Fraser 17,762 40.03 +16.29
Liberal Gordon Gibson 14,549 32.79 -16.47
New Democratic Roger Howard 11,145 25.12 +2.47
Social Credit Tony Jefferson 765 1.72 -2.23
Independent Sean Griffin 102 0.23 –
Independent Rick Hundal 44 0.10 –
Total valid votes 44,367 100.0  
Progressive Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +16.38
1968 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Arthur Laing 19,757 49.26 +5.73
Progressive Conservative John Allen Fraser 9,521 23.74 +7.70
New Democratic Joe Warnock 9,086 22.65 -2.14
Social Credit Daniel A. Devlin 1,585 3.95 -10.57
Communist Robin Smith 157 0.39 -0.71
Total valid votes 40,106 100.0  
Liberal hold Swing -0.98
1965 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Arthur Laing 18,669 43.54 -1.53
New Democratic Norman Levi 10,633 24.80 +2.08
Progressive Conservative Mary Southin 6,877 16.04 -6.04
Social Credit Norman Howard 6,228 14.52 +5.20
Communist William Evans Stewart 474 1.11 +0.29
Total valid votes 42,881 100.0  
Liberal hold Swing -1.80
1963 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Arthur Laing 19,140 45.07 +8.63
New Democratic Cliff Greer 9,649 22.72 +0.02
Progressive Conservative J. Ferguson Browne 9,374 22.07 -7.73
Social Credit Earl Backman 3,960 9.32 -0.50
Communist Thomas A. McEwen 345 0.81 -0.41
Total valid votes 42,468 100.0  
Liberal hold Swing +4.30
1962 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Arthur Laing 14,660 36.44 +18.74
Progressive Conservative Ernest James Broome 11,990 29.81 -30.65
New Democratic Cliff Greer 9,132 22.70 +7.20
Social Credit Erling L. Backman 3,953 9.83 +4.64
Communist William E. Stewart 492 1.22 +0.08
Total valid votes 40,227 100.0  
Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing +24.70
New Democrate vote is compared to the Co-operative Commonwealth vote and Communist vote is compared to Labor–Progressive vote from 1958 election.
1958 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Ernest James Broome 22,292 60.46 +15.60
Liberal Elmore Philpott 6,528 17.70 -3.44
Co-operative Commonwealth Cliff Greer 5,717 15.50 +1.96
Social Credit Hilliard Beyerstein 1,914 5.19 -12.98
Labor–Progressive Thomas A. McEwen 422 1.14 -1.14
Total valid votes 36,873 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +9.52
1957 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Ernest James Broome 16,058 44.86 +27.41
Liberal Elmore Philpott 7,568 21.14 -15.46
Social Credit Hilliard Beyerstein 6,505 18.17 -5.16
Co-operative Commonwealth Cliff Greer 4,849 13.55 -6.09
Labor–Progressive Thomas A. McEwen 817 2.28 -0.70
Total valid votes 35,797 100.0  
Progressive Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +21.44
1953 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Elmore Philpott 10,459 36.60 -3.11
Social Credit Ira N. Monson 6,668 23.34 –
Co-operative Commonwealth Cliff Augustine Greer 5,610 19.63 -11.93
Progressive Conservative Lorraine Johnston 4,986 17.45 -11.28
Labor–Progressive Gordon Wesley Elder 852 2.98 –
Total valid votes 28,575 100.0  
Liberal hold Swing -13.22
1949 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Arthur Laing 13,082 39.71 +14.66
Co-operative Commonwealth Grace MacInnis 10,397 31.56 +13.90
Progressive Conservative Jonathan Webster Cornett 9,462 28.72 -25.06
Total valid votes 32,941 100.0  
Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing +0.38
1945 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Howard Charles Green 25,878 53.78 +5.15
Liberal Richard Rowe Holland 12,056 25.06 -10.36
Co-operative Commonwealth Edward Alexander Lucas 8,497 17.66 +1.70
Democratic George Rayburn Smith 920 1.91 –
Social Credit Walter Redvers Dent 766 1.59 –
Total valid votes 48,117 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +7.76
Progressive Conservative vote is compared to the National Government vote in 1940 election.
1940 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Government Howard Charles Green 18,470 48.63 +17.94
Liberal Sidney Alexander Smith 13,451 35.41 +5.63
Co-operative Commonwealth Arthur James Turner 6,062 15.96 -11.95
Total valid votes 37,983 100.0  
National Government hold Swing +6.16
National Government vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election.
1935 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Howard Charles Green 9,491 30.69 -16.54
Liberal Alexander Malcolm Manson 9,212 29.78 –
Co-operative Commonwealth Robert Skinner 8,632 27.91 –
Reconstruction Archie Bertram Carey 2,896 9.36 –
Independent Paul McDowell Kerr 699 2.26 –
Total valid votes 30,930 100.0  
Conservative gain from Independent Labour Swing -23.16
1930 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Labour Angus MacInnis 15,732 50.03 +34.58
Conservative Leon Johnson Ladner 14,850 47.23 -8.78
Communist William Bennett 861 2.74 –
Total valid votes 31,443 100.0  
Independent Labour gain from Conservative Swing +21.68
1926 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Leon Johnson Ladner 9,762 56.01 +8.75
Liberal Paul McDowell Kerr 4,973 28.53 -8.88
Labour Alfred Hurry 2,693 15.45 +0.13
Total valid votes 17,428 100.0  
Conservative hold Swing +8.82
1925 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Leon Johnson Ladner 8,587 47.27 +9.52
Liberal Robert George MacPherson 6,797 37.41 +5.63
Labour Alfred Hurry 2,783 15.32 -6.49
Total valid votes 18,167 100.0  
Conservative hold Swing +1.94
1921 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Leon Johnson Ladner 4,893 37.75 -27.39
Liberal Victor Wentworth Odlum 4,120 31.79 +8.51
Labour Thomas Richardson 2,827 21.81 +10.69
Independent John Kavanagh 810 6.25 –
Progressive John Isaac Richmond 312 2.41 –
Total valid votes 12,962 100.0  
Conservative hold Swing -17.95
Conservative vote is compared to Unionist vote in 1917 election.
1917 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes %
Government (Unionist) Richard Clive Cooper 6,890 65.14
Opposition (Laurier Liberals) Charles MacDonald 2,462 23.27
Labour James Hackett McVety 1,176 11.12
Unknown Edward Gold 50 0.47
Total valid votes 10,578 100.0  
This riding was created from parts of Vancouver City, which elected a Conservative in the previous election.

See also

References

  • "Vancouver South (federal electoral district) (Code 59034) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 6, 2011.

Notes

  1. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and federal electoral districts (2013 Representation Order)". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  2. ^ The growing diversity within federal ridings. Policy Options. Retrieved on 2018-19-10.
  3. ^ "Economy trumps all in culturally diverse Vancouver South". The Globe And Mail. March 30, 2011.
  4. ^ Conservative Wai Young beats Dosanjh in rematch. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved on 2014-04-12.
  5. ^ Vancouver South, CBC.ca, 2008.
  6. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver South British Columbia [Federal electoral district] (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  7. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver South [Federal electoral district], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  8. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile, Vancouver South, British Columbia, 2011". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  9. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). "Federal Electoral District Profile of Vancouver South, British Columbia (2003 Representation Order), 2006 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  10. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). "2Federal Electoral District Profile of Vancouver South - Vancouver-Sud, British Columbia (2003 Representation Order), 2001 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  11. ^ Final Report – British Columbia
  12. ^ Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts
  13. ^ FEDERAL ELECTORAL DISTRICTS REPRESENTATION ORDER OF 2023 (PDF) (Map). Elections Canada. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  14. ^ "Confirmed candidates — Vancouver South". Elections Canada. September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  15. ^ "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  16. ^ "Election Night Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  17. ^ Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Vancouver South, 30 September 2015
  18. ^ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates
  19. ^ Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections


49°13′N 123°04′W / 49.22°N 123.07°W / 49.22; -123.07

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