The Via dei Fori Imperiali (formerly Via dei Monti, then Via dell'Impero) is a road in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, that is in a straight line from the Piazza Venezia to the Colosseum. Its course takes it over parts of the Forum of Trajan, Forum of Augustus and Forum of Nerva, parts of which can be seen on both sides of the road. Since the 1990s, there has been a great deal of archaeological excavation on both sides of the road, as significant Imperial Roman relics remain to be found underneath it.

In the Roman regulatory plans of 1873, 1883 and 1909 it was planned to open a road between Piazza Venezia and the Colosseum, therefore on the route of the present Via dei Fori Imperiali. The project was consistent with the philosophy of urban planning of the time, which provided for the opening in the city centres of wide connecting roads created by gutting the ancient building fabric. A classic example is the transformation of Paris during the Second French Empire, by Napoleon III and the prefect Baron Haussmann, but there were similar interventions in London (1848–1865), Florence (1859–1865), Vienna (1857) and Brussels (1867–1871).

The Via dei Fori Imperiali was finally built during the Fascist period between 1924 and 1932. The tentative name of the road during its construction was Via dei Monti, but it was named Via dell'Impero when it was inaugurated. Mussolini, on horseback, cut the ribbon opening the road on 9 April 1932 and led a military parade with veterans of World War I. After the end of World War II, the road was renamed to its present name. Each year on 2 June it hosts a parade in celebration of the founding of the modern Italian Republic.

On 3 August 2013, the southern part of the road, between Largo Corrado Ricci and the Colosseum, was closed to private traffic, while buses and taxis are still allowed to use it.

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The road was a celebration of the glories of ancient Rome because its construction has rediscovered and made visible the Imperial fora: the demolitions served to rediscover the forums of Trajan, Augustus, Caesar, Nerva and Trajan's Market, previously hidden under the demolished buildings.

Its construction, however, entailed the systematic demolition of more than 40,000 square yards of one of the most densely populated areas of Rome, obliterating medieval and Renaissance structures, including five little churches and tenements that housed 746 of Rome's poorest families. These include:

• The de-consecration and stripping of the Church of Sant'Adriano in Curia Senatus (built on the Curia Julia) in the Roman Forum, to reveal the building of the senate;
• Demolition of the 17th century Convent of the Mercedari, annexed to the Church of Sant'Adriano;
• Excavation and removal of a large part of the Velia, the hill on which the Basilica of Constantine (also known as the Basilica of Maxentius) stands, halfway between the Colosseum and Piazza Venezia;
• Destruction of the monastery of Sant'Urbano ai Pantani and the nearby convent of Sant'Eufemia;
• Destruction of the neighbourhood of Via Alessandrina, which included the house of famous 19th century antiquarian Francesco Martinetti, collector, restorer and numismatics expert – itself a treasure trove;
• Excavation and covering of the gardens of the 16th century Villa Rivaldi and its nymphaeums;
• Loss of several notable houses including Casa Desideri, Casa Ciacci, Casa Cetorelli and Casa De Rossi;
• Demolition of the churches of San Lorenzo ai Monti and Santa Maria degli Angeli in Macello Martyrum.

Of the areas excavated, a great deal of data has been lost. Records at the Musei Capitolini noted that many of the objects found were stored in crates in the vaults of Museo della Civiltà Romana, but little associated data was recorded about the exact location and context of the objects, meaning that huge amounts of information that could be inferred are now irrecoverable.

The Via dei Fori Imperiali completely changed the landscape and character of a part of Rome: before its construction, the Colosseum was not visible from Piazza Venezia and the imperial fora were hidden by a popular quarter of the fifteenth century.

There is a debate about the future of the road, for some it should be dismantled, for others it is one of the most spectacular in Rome.

The four-lane, heavily trafficked road carried an extremely heavy load of motor vehicle traffic straight through the Roman Forum area, whose exhaust fumes and vibrations continue to damage the surrounding ancient Roman monuments. After numerous failed efforts by academics and citizens' groups to pressure the Roman city government to close the road to traffic, the Mayor of Rome Ignazio Marino closed the southern part of the road to private motor vehicles on 3 August 2013.

• Rendina, Claudio (1999). Enciclopedia di Roma (in Italian). Newton Compton.

• Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088.

Media related to Via dei Fori Imperiali (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by Via della Conciliazione

Landmarks of Rome Via dei Fori Imperiali

Succeeded by Via Sacra