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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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Zaječar
Zaječar (Serbian Cyrillic: Зајечар, pronounced [zâjɛtʃar]; Romanian: Zaicear or Zăiceari) is a city and the administrative center of the Zaječar District in eastern Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the city administrative area had a population of 48,621 inhabitants. Zaječar is widely known for its rock music festival Gitarijada and for the ZALET festival dedicated to contemporary art.

Name

In Serbian, the city is known as Zaječar (Зајечар); in Romanian as Zaicear, Zăiicer (archaic name), Zăiceri, Zăicear or Zăiceari; in Macedonian as Заечар and in Bulgarian as Зайчар (Zaychar).

The origin of the name is from the Torlak dialect name for "hare" = zajec / зајец (in all other Serbian dialects it is zec / зец, while in Bulgarian it is заек / zaek"). It means "the man who breeds and keeps hares".

Folk etymology in Romanian, gives "Zăiicer" as meaning "the Gods are asking (for sacrifice)".

Early renderings of the city in English used Saitchar.

History

Ancient

Three Roman Emperors were born in the city of Zaječar: Galerius (r. 293–311), Maximinus (r. 305–312) and Licinius (r. 308–324).

Felix Romuliana, now Gamzigrad

The Late Roman fortified palace compound and memorial complex of Gamzigrad-Romuliana at the outskirts of Zaječar was commissioned by Emperor Caius Valerius Galerius Maximianus, in the late 3rd and early 4th century. It was known as Felix Romuliana, named after the Emperor's mother Romula. The site consists of fortifications, the palace in the north-western part of the complex, basilicas, temples, hot baths, memorial complex, and a tetrapylon. The site offers a unique testimony of the Roman building tradition marked by the ideology of the period of the Second Tetrarchy. The group of buildings is also unique in its intertwining of ceremonial and memorial functions. The relation between two spatial ensembles in this site is stressed by the tetrapylon which is placed on the crossroads between the worldly fortification and palace on the one side and the other-worldly mausoleums and consecration monuments on the other.

Middle Ages

Slavs entered the region during the 7th century, and the tribe living in the area was called Timočani. During the Middle Ages, the area of Zaječar was contested between Bulgaria, Hungary and Serbia. During periods in the 9th-11th centuries and the 13th century the territory of modern-day Zaječar was a part of the Bulgarian Empire. It finally fell under Ottoman rule during the first half of the 15th century. The oldest preserved rendering of Zaječar listed in an Ottoman defter dates from 1466. At the time, there were only eight extended families (zadrugas) living there.

Modern

In the First Serb Uprising, Hajduk Veljko Petrović liberated the area from Ottoman rule in 1806. The Ottomans retook the area in 1813 but finally ceded it to Serbia in 1833.

The population of the city and of the area to the south of it was partly Bulgarian, as the Serbian ethnographer Milan Đ. Milićević recognized. The city actively participated in the Serbo-Turkish War of 1876–1878. In 1883, it was partially engulfed in the famous Timok Uprising, a reaction against a governmental order to confiscate peasants' firearms and against a law replacing the militia with a standing army.

Bulgaria occupied Zaječar from 1915 to 1918, during the First World War. From 1929 to 1941, the city was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The German army occupied Zaječar on 14 April 1941, during the Second World War; it was administered as part of the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia from 22 April 1941. Zaječar was liberated on 7–8 October 1944 in a joint operation by Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army.

Geography

Climate

Zaječar has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), that's very close to a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

Climate data for Zaječar (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		28.5
(83.3) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		40.4
(104.7) 		44.7
(112.5) 		41.7
(107.1) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		44.7
(112.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		27.8
(82.0) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		17.9
(64.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		17.9
(64.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		11.4
(52.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		5.4
(41.7)
Record low °C (°F) −29.0
(−20.2) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−17.5
(0.5) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−17.4
(0.7) 		−22.2
(−8.0) 		−29.0
(−20.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.6
(1.72) 		40.4
(1.59) 		44.9
(1.77) 		49.9
(1.96) 		61.0
(2.40) 		60.3
(2.37) 		61.8
(2.43) 		46.8
(1.84) 		45.9
(1.81) 		53.5
(2.11) 		47.6
(1.87) 		54.7
(2.15) 		610.4
(24.03)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11.2 9.9 11.1 11.5 12.6 9.9 8.3 6.7 8.7 9.6 10.7 11.2 121.4
Average snowy days 7.3 5.6 3.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.2 5.3 24.6
Average relative humidity (%) 79.6 75.3 69.6 68.2 69.9 68.0 64.4 65.8 71.1 78.0 81.3 81.6 72.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 70.3 90.8 133.3 167.4 219.2 250.0 286.3 262.4 176.6 121.3 64.5 57.5 1,899.6
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia

Settlements

Aside from the urban area of Zaječar, the city administrative area includes the following settlements:

Demographics

Park and monument
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
194862,887—    
195364,907+0.63%
196168,616+0.70%
197173,147+0.64%
198176,681+0.47%
199172,763−0.52%
200265,969−0.89%
201159,461−1.15%
Source:

According to the 2011 census, the city of Zaječar has a population of 59,461 inhabitants, while the urban area has 38,165 inhabitants. The city has an urban area of over 97 km.

Ethnic groups

The ethnic composition of the city:

Ethnic group Population %
Serbs 51,291 86.26%
"Vlachs" (Romanians) 2,856 4.80%
Romani 753 1.27%
Romanians (self-declared) 204 0.34%
Bulgarians 181 0.30%
Macedonians 148 0.25%
Montenegrins 98 0.16%
Yugoslavs 89 0.15%
Croats 71 0.12%
Albanians 40 0.07%
Muslims 28 0.05%
Gorani 28 0.05%
Slovenes 23 0.04%
Others 3,651 6.14%
Total 59,461

Economy

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022):

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 217
Mining and quarrying 440
Manufacturing 1,732
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 222
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 231
Construction 441
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 2,122
Transportation and storage 643
Accommodation and food services 442
Information and communication 160
Financial and insurance activities 201
Real estate activities 13
Professional, scientific and technical activities 377
Administrative and support service activities 263
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 1,126
Education 963
Human health and social work activities 1,350
Arts, entertainment and recreation 197
Other service activities 246
Individual agricultural workers 411
Total 11,798

Society and culture

Sport

Zaječar hosted 2006 Serbian triathlon championship. The city has two sport-recreation centers, "Popova plaža" and "SRC Kraljevica" home of ŽRK Zaječar, while a third, "Kotlujevac", is under reconstruction.

Theatre

Zaječar is home to the "Zoran Radmilović" theatre built 2 February 1947 under the name of the "Oblasno narodno pozorište". The first play ever performed in the new theatre was "Žita cvetaju". The theatre was renamed during its 45th (1992) anniversary as "Zoran Radmilović" to celebrate a famous and beloved actor who was born there. Every year, this theatre is home to the "Dani Zorana Radmilovića" art festival.

ZA*73T

The Festival of Contemporary Art ZALET (stylised as ZA*73T) organizes manifestations, such as exhibitions, concerts, literary evenings and experimental theater.

Gitarijada

Gitarijada (Serbian Cyrillic: Гитаријада, trans. Guitar fest) is a musical festival held during the summer in order to promote demo bands. Held since 1969, Gitarijada is one of the longest-lasting festivals in Serbia and in South Eastern Europe. The festival started its life in Zaječar during 1970. Some of notable bands from Serbia such as Bjesovi & Galija were winners in the Gitarijada competition during the '80s and '90s. The programme of the Gitarijada festival has several parts. Demo battles as a main item, with performances of artists and art exhibitions involving themes like rock, blues, metal and similar ones.

Education

Elementary schools

  • OŠ "Desanka Maksimović"
  • OŠ "Ljuba Nešić"
  • OŠ "Djura Jakšić"
  • OŠ "Ljubica Radosavljević Nada"
  • OŠ "Hajduk Veljko"
  • OŠ "Vladislav Petković Dis"
  • OŠ "Vuk Karadžić"
  • OŠ "Jeremija Ilić Jegor"
  • OŠ "Dositej Obradović"
  • OŠ "15.maj"
  • OŠ "Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj"

High schools

  • Gymnasium (since 1836)
  • Medical Assistant/Nurse high school
  • Technical high school
  • Business Assistant and Accountancy high school
  • Machine technician high school
  • Secondary Music School

University education

The city is the seat of the Megatrend University Faculty of Management; Business School of Management.

Twin cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia

Zaječar is twinned with:

Notable people

The people listed below were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Zaječar area.

Porphyry bust of Emperor Galerius, found in 1993 at Gamzigrad and held at the National Museum [sr] in Zaječar

See also

References

References
  1. ^ "Municipalities of Serbia, 2006". Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  2. ^ "2022 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings: Ethnicity (data by municipalities and cities)" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. April 2023. ISBN 978-86-6161-228-2. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  3. ^ Ivanišević & Krsmanović 2013, p. 450.
  4. ^ "Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Europe in Year 900". Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  5. ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (29 December 1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472081493. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 48
  7. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 54
  8. ^ "Istorija". Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  9. ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  10. ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981-2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  11. ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  12. ^ "ETHNICITY Data by municipalities and cities" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of Serbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  13. ^ "MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2023" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  14. ^ "Zajecar - Arhiva". Zoran Radmilovic. Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Sources
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