Zayul
The historical Zayul region is marked by the basin of the Zayul River, with its two branches: Rongto Chu (or the western Zayul River) and Zayul Chu (or the eastern Zayul River). The two branches join near the town of Rima. After the junction, the Zayul river enters India's Arunachal Pradesh where it is called Lohit.
The Zayul county borders India and Burma to the south and China's Yunnan province to the southeast. To the northeast lies the Pome County and to the northwest the Medog County. The county's headquarter located at Kyigang Village, Zhowagoin Town.
History
During the period of the Tibetan Empire, a government office was set up here. In 1371, the Phagmodrupa dynasty established the Kemai Zong. In 1912, Kemai County was established, and the county seat was moved to Gyigang (skyid sgang), which was under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Domai of Tibet. In 1954, it was assigned to Qamdo Prefecture (昌都专区), and in 1960, it was changed to Sangngak Cho County (gsang sngag chos rdzong, 桑昂曲县). In May 1966, it was renamed as Zayu County. The county seat was located in Zhowagoin Town, and it was under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level Qamdo Region (昌都地区). In 1986, it was assigned to Nyingchi Prefecture.
Geography
Zayul County is located in an area of highly varying topography, lying just south of the Tibetan Plateau in the mountainous region east of the Himalayas where the Transhimalayas transition to the Hengduan Mountains. Specifically, the county straddles the southern parts of the Baxoila Range, the eastern parts of the Kangri Karpo mountains, and the eastern parts of the Mishmi Hills. Elevations generally decrease from northwest to southeast, with a maximal variation of 3,600 metres (11,800 ft): in the county, areas near the southern border have an elevation of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft), while there are 10 peaks over 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), the highest being Kawagarbo in the Meili Xue Shan at 6,740 metres (22,110 ft). The county has an average elevation of 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). The primary rivers are the Zayul River through the central parts of the county and Nu River (Salween) in the east.
The county has an area of 31,305 square kilometres (12,087 sq mi). Besides India, Burma, and Yunnan, it borders Zogang County to the north and Mêdog County to the southwest.
Economy
In 2020, the GDP of Zayu County is 1.144 billion yuan, and the arable land area is 41,805 mu. The main agricultural products are barley, wheat, rice, corn, soybean, eggplant, cucumber, pepper, rapeseed, peanut, sugar cane, tomato, mandarin orange and orange. . Raising pigs, cattle, cattle, sheep, goats, etc. in animal husbandry. Economic forests include spruce, nanmu, fir, birch, sandalwood, camphor, Yunnan pine, Huashan pine, yew, spring bud wood, etc. In 1959, the Rancha Highway connected with the Sichuan-Tibet Highway was built.
Population
According to China's seventh national census in 2020, Zayu County's permanent population was 28,237, including 14,900 males, 13,337 females, 6,459 aged 0–14, 19,235 aged 15–59, 2,543 aged 60 and over, and 22,105 Tibetans. There are 3593 Han people, 1573 Teng people and 966 other ethnic minorities. The urban population is 6,221, and the rural population is 22,016. There are 7,787 people in Zhuwagen Township, 3,544 people in Upper Chayu Township, 6,213 people in Lower Zayu Township, 6,158 people in Chawalong Township, 1,915 people in Gula Township, and 2,620 people in Guyu Township.
Climate
Owing to its moderate elevation (for Tibet), Zayul County has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), a rarity in Tibet, with mild and quite dry winters, and warm, rainy summers. The rainy season lasts from March to September, and June through August each average more than 20 days of rainfall per month. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 4.7 °C (40.5 °F) in January to 19 °C (66.2 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 12.1 °C (53.8 °F). The frost-free period is 280 days annually. Here, the diurnal temperature range is not large, maxing out at 16.8 °C (30.2 °F) in November. Its climate is well-suited to support a variety of agricultural and forestry products.
| Climate data for Zayü, elevation 2,328 m (7,638 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
22.8 (73.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.9 (62.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
8.7 (47.7) |
5.5 (41.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
14.1 (57.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
3.7 (38.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
8.0 (46.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
2.5 (36.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14.7 (0.58) |
28.7 (1.13) |
90.1 (3.55) |
117.1 (4.61) |
88.4 (3.48) |
68.0 (2.68) |
113.3 (4.46) |
103.9 (4.09) |
71.3 (2.81) |
49.1 (1.93) |
15.4 (0.61) |
6.7 (0.26) |
766.7 (30.19) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.6 | 8.8 | 16.1 | 17.4 | 17.9 | 18.7 | 21.8 | 22.0 | 17.8 | 10.4 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 163.4 |
| Average snowy days | 3.7 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 56 | 59 | 66 | 69 | 69 | 72 | 75 | 75 | 73 | 67 | 60 | 55 | 66 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 134.0 | 113.6 | 115.6 | 108.0 | 117.4 | 111.0 | 115.6 | 124.3 | 125.1 | 140.8 | 143.7 | 145.2 | 1,494.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 41 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 31 | 34 | 40 | 45 | 46 | 35 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China | |||||||||||||
Environment
The central parts of Zayul County contain a large isolated section of the Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests throughout the Zayul River valley and its tributaries. The highland areas of Zayul contain Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. The eastern parts of the county are classified as Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests. There are, however, extremely dry areas within the Nu Valley in Zayul that support mostly succulents.
Gecko Hemiphyllodactylus zayuensis, named after Zayul, is only known from the county.
Administrative divisions
Zayul County has administration over three towns and three townships:
| Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Towns | ||||
| Zhowagoin Town (Drowagön) |
竹瓦根镇 | Zhúwǎgēn zhèn | འགྲོ་བ་དགོན་གྲོང་རྡལ། | 'gro ba dgon grong rdal |
| Zayürongdoi Town (Shangchayu, Upper Zayü) |
上察隅镇 | Shàng Cháyú zhèn | རྫ་ཡུལ་རོང་སྟོད་གྲོང་རྡལ། | rdza yul rong stod grong rdal |
| Zayürongmai Town (Xiachayu, Lower Zayü) |
下察隅镇 | Xià Cháyú zhèn | རྫ་ཡུལ་རོང་སྨད་གྲོང་རྡལ། | rdza yul rong smad grong rdal |
| Townships | ||||
| Tsawarong Township | 察瓦龙乡 | Cháwǎlóng xiāng | ཚ་བ་རོང་ཤང་། | tsha ba rong shang |
| Golag Township | 古拉乡 | Gǔlā xiāng | མགོ་ལག་ཤང་། | mgo lag shang |
| Goyul Township | 古玉乡 | Gǔyù xiāng | མགོ་ཡུལ་ཤང་། | mgo yul shang |
* includes areas claimed but currently under control of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. | ||||
Sino-Indian border dispute
China claims the entire Arunachal Pradesh as being part of Tibet, especially the Walong region in the Zayul River valley below Rima. The area was one of the theatres of the 1962 Sino-Indian War.
Notes
- ^ Alternative spellings include Dzayul, Chayul and Tsayul, as well as their Chinese variants Zayü, Chayu and Tsayu.
References
- ^ "林芝市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报" (in Chinese). Government of Nyingchi. 2021-06-17.
- ^ Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 2 (1966), p. 275; Mehra, The McMahon Line and After (1974), p. 74
- ^ Nyingchi Prefecture-Level City, KNAB, retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ THL’s Online Tibetan Transliteration Converter and THL’s Online Tibetan Phonetics Converter, invoked 31 August 2022.
- ^ 中国大百科全书编委会 (ed.). 中国大百科全书 (第三版 ed.). Retrieved 2023-05-29.
- ^ "察隅县". 西藏在线. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
- ^ Atlas of China. Beijing, China: SinoMaps Press. 2006. ISBN 9787503141782.
- ^ 察隅 - 气象数据 -中国气象数据网 (in Chinese (China)). Weather China. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
- ^ "察隅县第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报". 察隅县人民政府. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ "Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests". Global Species. Myers Enterprises II. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ "Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows". Global Species. Myers Enterprises II. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ "Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests". Global Species. Myers Enterprises II. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ Hemiphyllodactylus zayuensis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2 February 2022.
- ^ 2022年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：察隅县. National Bureau of Statistics of China (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ "汉藏对照工具书__西藏行政地名词典" (in Chinese).
Bibliography
- Kingdon Ward, F.; Smith, Malcolm (November 1934), "The Himalaya East of the Tsangpo", The Geographical Journal, 84 (5): 369–394, doi:10.2307/1786924, JSTOR 1786924
- Lamb, Alastair (1966), The McMahon Line: a Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 2: Hardinge, McMahon and the Simla Conference, Routledge & K. Paul
- Mehra, Parshotam (1974), The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47, Macmillan, ISBN 9780333157374 – via archive.org
External links
- Zayul County, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 2 October 2022.
- Zayul river basin, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 2 October 2022.
