Kupres (Serbian Cyrillic: Купрес) is a town and the seat of the Municipality of Kupres in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the municipality has a population of 5,057 inhabitants, while the town of Kupres has a population of 2,883 inhabitants.

Kupres is located 43 km (27 mi) from Livno, 127 km (79 mi) from Mostar, 143 km from Sarajevo, 123 km from Banja Luka and 127 km (79 mi) from Split.

Kupres is located at an altitude between 1,120 and 1,150 m (3,675 and 3,773 ft) and averages 55 days a year of snowfall due to its advantageous location in the Dinaric Alps.

The town has good road network (state road M-16) and bus line heading towards Tomislavgrad, Livno and Mostar, and is connected to the nearby town of Bugojno in Bosnia Proper via a tunnel called the "Kupreška vrata" (en. the "Gates of Kupres"). It also has daily bus line towards the Croatian cities of Zagreb, Split and Osijek.

The first traces of human settlement date back to prehistoric times, with a few archaeological findings supporting this. In the period between the Neolithic and the IV century B.C., the area of Kupres was inhabited by the Illyrians (Dalmatae tribe) along with the Celts, who were much more technologically advanced than the Illyrians. Both of these nations left the area or were assimilated following the Roman Conquest during the time of the first Roman Emperor Augustus. The Roman Empire governed these areas until its collapse in 476 A.D.

Kupres was first mentioned in documents from the Kingdom of Croatia, which was based in nearby Duvno (now called Tomislavgrad). During its history, Kupres was part of the Kingdom of Croatia, Bosnian Kingdom, Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian monarchy, following the occupation and subsequent annexation of Bosnia. After World War I, Kupres found itself in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (SHS), and not long afterwards in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (within the Vrbas Banovina and later the Banovina of Croatia). During World War II, Kupres was a strategically important town of the Independent State of Croatia defended by the notorious Black Legion and the place where the famous Battle of Kupres took place in 1942. After the collapse of Nazi Germany and its puppet state the NDH, Kupres became part of the newly founded Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia within the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina and it remained in it until the proclamation of the Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 that led to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During that time, Kupres was held by Serb forces from April 1992 and was part of the Republic of Srpska. Kupres was taken back by Croat forces in November 1994, when it became part of the Croat Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and later, after its dissolution, part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, remaining so to this day.

The town is situated in the middle of the Kupres Plain (Kupreško Polje), which has a high strategic importance because of its control of traffic communication between Dalmatia and Central Bosnia. That made Kupres important in previous wars, which is shown in a famous saying: "Whoever holds this high plain can negotiate with its enemies in any way he wishes."

Kupres was the scene of the Battle of Kupres, fought in 1942 during World War 2 in the Independent State of Croatia between the forces of the Independent State of Croatia and the Yugoslav Partisans in and around the town of Kupres in western Bosnia.

Kupres was the scene of fierce fighting in the recent War in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, leaving the town extensively damaged and the local economy in ruins. Both are being restored the benefit of the community and the region, especially related to tourism infrastructure.

The first battle took place in 1992, when the town of Kupres fell into Serb hands. The Battle was fought between the Bosnian Croat Territorial Defence Force (Teritorijalna obrana – TO) supported by the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) troops on one side and the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA), supported by the Bosnian Serb TO on the other at the Kupres Plateau, on 3–11 April 1992. Croatian forces were hampered by an inadequate command structure, poor coordination and lacking heavy weapons. The battle resulted in more than 200 combat deaths, and established lines of control which would remain unchanged until 1994, when the plateau was recaptured by the HVO. In 2012, Republika Srpska authorities charged seven Croats with war crimes committed at the plateau against civilians and prisoners of war. The following year, Croatian authorities charged 21 former JNA members with war crimes against HVO prisoners captured at the Kupres Plateau.

The second battle during the Bosnian war took place in 1994 and was fought between the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) on one side and the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) on the other from 20 October to 3 November 1994. It marks the first tangible evidence of the Bosniak–Croat alliance set out in the Washington Agreement of March 1994, brokered by the United States to end the Croat–Bosniak War fought between the ARBiH and the HVO in Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 29 October, the HVO decided to attack, as it considered the ARBiH had directly threatened the strategic Kupres plateau. The HVO launched its offensive, codenamed Operation Cincar (Operacija Cincar), on 1 November. Following a brief lull in the ARBiH advance, thought to be brought on by a variety of causes and a direct request by the president of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović to the ARBiH to cooperate with the HVO, commanding officers of the two forces met to coordinate their operations for the first time since the Washington Agreement. Kupres itself was captured by the HVO on 3 November 1994. Besides the political significance of the battle for future developments of the war in Bosnia, the battle was militarily significant for planning and executing of Operation Winter '94 by the Croatian Army (HV) and the HVO aimed at breaking the siege of Bihać in late November and December 1994. Territorial gains made by the HVO and the ARBiH in the Battle of Kupres safeguarded the right flank of Operation Winter '94.

Following the Dayton Agreement, which split Bosnia and Herzegovina following the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to ethnic lines and war frontlines, the town has evolved into a Croat-dominated town. The ethnic Serb population had mostly left, forming their own municipality from the northernmost part of the pre-war municipality (called Kupres, Republika Srpska, which includes the village of Novo Selo) — nowadays a part of the Republika Srpska.