The towns of Beachton and Southend are within the locality.
Geography
Curtis Island occupies almost all of the island from which it takes its name, except for a very small area in the south of the island which is included in the locality of Gladstone Harbour. Most of the island is protected from development: most of the ocean-facing eastern side of the island is within either the Curtis Island National Park or the Curtis Island Conservation Park, while most of the mainland-facing western side of the island is within the Curtis Island State Forest.
The waterway between the mainland and Curtis Island is known as The Narrows. It is a 27 kilometres (17 mi) long narrow strait. It connects Gladstone Harbour to Keppel Bay (the mouth of the Fitzroy River). However, it is very shallow and in some places it can be crossed at low tide. It is mainly used for recreational activities, including fishing.
Cape Capricorn was named by Captain Cook when he passed on 25 May 1770, since he found it to be located on the Tropic of Capricorn (which was located at 23°28′15″ in 1770). The modern surveyed location of its endpoint is just slightly south of the present tropic.
The locality takes its name from the island, which in turn was named after Port Curtis, which was named by Matthew Flinders on 1 August 1802, after Vice Admiral Sir Roger Curtis, a commanding British Admiral at Cape Town who had assisted Flinders with repairs to HMS Investigator in October 1801. Port Curtis was the original name for the Gladstone area.
A lighthouse to guide ships into the Fitzroy river was requested in 1864, but it was not until the early-1870s that the first Sea Hill lighthouse was constructed. The first Cape Carpricorn Lighthouse was built in 1874.
The Monte Cristo pastoral station was established in the 1860s by John Bonar Peter Hamilton Ramsay (nicknamed ‘Alphabetical’ Ramsay due to the number of his Christian names) and two partners. They raised cattle and bred horses. They took advantage of the shallowness of the Narrows to cross their animals to the mainland at low tide at a point that became known as Ramsay's Crossing. This practice continued until 2014 when the pastoral station was sold to be developed as a gas plant.
A coastal steamer also travelled between Gladstone and Rockhampton via The Narrows but this could only be done at high tide.
Author Rosa Campbell Praed lived on Curtis Island. On 29 October 1872 she married Arthur Campbell Praed, a nephew of the poet Winthrop Mackworth Praed. She described living with him on his property on Curtis Island, "an existence of terrifying hardship and loneliness". Spender says that "The years which she spent on Curtis Island and which played such a crucial part in determining her values – and her voice – could hardly be described as middle-class, indulgent or privileged". She recreates her life at this time in her novel, An Australian Heroine (1880). It was also during her time on Curtis Island that she turned to spiritualism.
The Town of Southend first appears on 1922 survey plan S7341. In February 1923, the first 20 blocks of land were offered as 15-year leases.
In 1964, it was proposed to relocate the population of the island of Nauru to Curtis Island. By that time, Nauru had been extensively mined for phosphate by companies from Australia, Britain and New Zealand damaging the landscape so much that it was thought the island would be uninhabitable by the 1990s. Rehabilitating the island was seen as financially impossible. In 1962, Australian Prime Minister, Bob Menzies, said that the three countries involved in the mining had an obligation to provide a solution for the Nauruan people, and proposed finding a new island for them. In 1963, the Australian Government proposed to acquire all the land on Curtis Island (which was considerably larger than Nauru) and then offer the Nauruans freehold title over the island and that the Nauruans would become Australian citizens. The costs of resettling the Nauruans on Curtis Island was estimated to be £10 million, which included housing and infrastructure and the establishment of pastoral, agricultural, and fishing industries. However, the Nauruan people did not wish to become Australian citizens and wanted to be given sovereignty over Curtis Island in order to establish themselves as an independent nation, which Australia would not agree to. Nauru rejected the proposal to move to Curtis Island, instead choosing to become an independent nation (a process completed in 1968) operating their own mines in Nauru (acquired in 1967).
Demographics
In the 2016 census, Curtis Island had a population of 323 people.
In the 2021 census, Curtis Island had a population of 36 people.
Heritage listings
Curtis Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
There are no bridges to Curtis Island. As at April 2019, a vehicular and passenger ferry runs services from Gladstone to Southend via Farmers Point on Facing Island on 5 days of the week.
Endangered bird
Curtis island is home to the Capricorn yellow chat (Epthianura crocea macgregori), a tiny bird which is considered critically endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. As of 2020, the bird is threatened by rising sea levels on Curtis Island. It is only found on three plains on the central Queensland coast, and since 2002 the sea level along that coast has risen 80 millimetres (3.1 in). The population was reduced to just a couple of pairs 20 years ago, but now there are almost 40 on Curtis Island. This increase is attributed to a feral pig culling program from 2006 and the removal of cattle in about 2016. The chat has been moving inland, but closer to the trees, they are more likely to be prey for birds like sparrow hawks. Central Queensland University researcher Bob Black has been studying the bird for 20 years.
^"Current News". The Queenslander. Vol. XII, no. 85. Queensland, Australia. 31 March 1877. p. 8. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW SOUTH WALES". Rockhampton Bulletin. Vol. XIX, no. 2796. Queensland, Australia. 22 March 1877. p. 2. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Government Sales". Worker. Vol. 33, no. 1656. Queensland, Australia. 1 February 1923. p. 17. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Island Purchase For Nauruans". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 840. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 May 1964. p. 5. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Nauru not to take Curtis Is". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 930. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 August 1964. p. 3. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.