United Democratic Front (India)
United Democratic Front was created by the Indian National Congress (then known as Congress-Indira) party leader K. Karunakaran in 1979, as a successor to the existing Congress-led alliance. The alliance first came to power in 1981 (K. Karunakaran ministry) and has won elections to the state legislature of Kerala in the years 1982 (Karunakaran ministry), 1991 (Karunakaran and A. K. Antony ministries), 2001 (Antony and Oommen Chandy ministries), and 2011 (Oommen Chandy ministry). The alliance currently acts as the opposition in the state legislature of Kerala (after the 2021 legislative assembly election). United Democratic Front leaders V. D. Satheesan and K. Sudhakaran currently serves as the Leader of the Opposition and Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee President respectively.
The alliance currently consists of Indian National Congress, Indian Union Muslim League, Kerala Congress (Joseph), Kerala Congress (Jacob), Revolutionary Socialist Party and a variety of other smaller parties. The alliance follows big tent policy and includes a variety political parties.
Current members
| Party | Abbr. | Flag | MPs in Lok Sabha | MPs in Rajya Sabha | MLA in state legislature | Base state | Kerala leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Indian National Congress | INC | 
|
14 | 01 | 20 | National Party | K. Sudhakaran |
| 2 | Indian Union Muslim League | IUML | 
|
02 | 02 | 15 | Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Bihar |
P. K. Kunhalikutty |
| 3 | Kerala Congress | KEC |  |
01 | 00 | 02 | Kerala | P. J. Joseph |
| 4 | Kerala Congress (Jacob) | KEC(J) | |
00 | 00 | 01 | Kerala | Anoop Jacob |
| 5 | Revolutionary Socialist Party | RSP | 
|
01 | 00 | 00 | Kerala | Shibu Baby John |
| 6 | Kerala Democratic Party | KDP | 
|
00 | 00 | 01 | Kerala | Mani C. Kappan |
| 8 | Revolutionary Marxist Party of India | RMPI | 
|
00 | 00 | 01 | Kerala | K. K. Rema |
| 7 | Communist Marxist Party | CMP | 
|
00 | 00 | 00 | Kerala | C. P. John |
| 9 | National Janata Dal | NJD | 
|
00 | 00 | 00 | Kerala | Adv John John |
| 10 | Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy | JSS | 
|
00 | 00 | 00 | Kerala | Rajan Babu |
| 11 | All India Forward Bloc | AIFB | 00 | 00 | 00 | West Bengal | T. Manoj Kumar | |
Special invitee
- Kerala Pravasi Association
History
Antecedents
Precursors to the United Democratic Front were,
- Joint Front (Pattom and Sankar ministries)
- Congress - Praja Socialist Party - Indian Union Muslim League (left 1961)
- Congress-supported "Mini Front" or "Democratic Front" (Menon ministry)
- Congress-supported "United Front"
- "Mini Front" or "Maxi Front" (Second Menon ministry)
- "Ruling Front" or "Maxi Front Revamped" (Karunakaran, Antony and P. K. V. ministries)
- Indian Union Muslim League - Praja Socialist Party - National Democratic Party alliance (supported by Congress) (Koya ministry)
United Democratic Front (1979 – present)
.jpg)
The United Democratic Front (UDF) was formed just before 1980 assembly election. In elections, the Front was defeated by the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Democratic Front. However, the fall of the first Left Democratic Front ministry resulted in the 6th President's Rule in Kerala (1981).
United Democratic Front first came into power in Kerala in 1981 under K. Karunakaran. It led the Government of Kerala in 1982–87 (K. Karunakaran), 1991–96 (K. Karunakaran and A. K. Antony), 2001–06 (A. K. Antony and Oommen Chandy), and 2011–16 (Oommen Chandy). The alliance currently serves as the opposition in the Kerala Assembly.
- In the 2016 elections conducted to the Kerala state legislature, United Democratic Front managed to win 47 out of 140 seats to the assembly, and Congress leader Ramesh Chennithala was chosen as the Leader of Opposition. In 2019 Indian general election, the alliance won 19 out of 20 seats in the state.
- In the last elections conducted to the Kerala state legislature in 2021, United Democratic Front managed to win 40 out of 140 seats to the assembly, and Congress leader V. D. Satheesan chosen as the Leader of Opposition. The alliance supported K. K. Rema for Vadakara Constituency who sits as a separate block.
Chief Ministers
Pre-United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1956 – 1979)
- Pattom Thanu Pillai (1960–62)
- R. Sankar (1962 – 64)
- C. Achutha Menon (1970–77)
- K. Karunakaran (1977)
- A. K. Antony (1977 – 78)
- P.K. Vasudevan Nair (1978–79)
- C.H. Mohammed Koya (1979)
United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1981 – present)
-
K. Karunakaran (1981 – 82, 1982 – 1987, 1991 – 95) -
A. K. Antony (1995 – 96, 2001 – 04) -
Oommen Chandy (2004 – 06, 2011 – 16)
.jpg)
List of United Democratic Front Chief Ministers by length of term
| No. | Name (Ministry) | Length of term | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Longest continuous term | Total years of premiership | ||
| 1 | K. Karunakaran (1918 - 2010) | 4 years, 305 days
(1982–87) |
8 years, 315 days
(four terms) |
| 2 | A. K. Antony (born 1940) | 3 years, 74 days
(2001–04) |
5 years, 306 days
(three terms) |
| 3 | Oommen Chandy (born 1943) | 5 years, 6 days
(2011–16) |
6 years, 256 days
(two terms) |
Leaders of Opposition (U. D. F)
- K. Karunakaran (1980–81, 87 - 91)
- A. K. Antony (1996 - 2001)
- Oommen Chandy (2006–11)
- Ramesh Chennithala (2016–21)
- V. D. Satheesan (2021–present)
United Democratic Front Conveners
.jpg)
| Period | U D F Convener | Political affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| 1979–80 | Nil | |
| 1980–82 | P. J. Joseph | Kerala Congress |
| 1982–85 | Oommen Chandy | Indian National Congress |
| 1985–2001 | K. Sankaranarayanan | |
| 2001–04 | Oommen Chandy | |
| 2004–18 | P. P. Thankachan | |
| 2018–20 | Benny Behanan | |
| Incumbent | M. M. Hassan | |
Legacy
K. Karunakaran
The Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, was established by bifurcating University of Kerala during the period of 3rd Karunakaran ministry (1982 - 87). It was during the second U. D. F. government (Third Karunakaran ministry), that the last two districts of Kerala, namely Pathanamthitta and Kasaragod, were inaugurated, raising the total number of districts in Kerala to fourteen. During his third tenure as Chief Minister (1982–87), Karunakaran directly handled the Scheduled Castes Development. Kerala State Film Development Corporation was also introduced during the tenure of Karunakaran.
Chief Minister Karunakaran was instrumental in several infrastructure projects in Kerala which includes the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi, and the Cochin International Airport, both of which were sanctioned during his 1991-95 stint as the Chief Minister. Vallarpadam Terminal, which later became the first transshipment terminal in India was other key project coined during the administration of Karunakaran. Other major infrastructure projects introduced during the terms of Karunakaran include the Goshree Bridges of Kochi, Guruvayur Railway Line, and Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant at Kayamkulam. The first phase of Kollam Bypass was completed in 1993.
A. K. Antony
Antony administration was instrumental in the establishment of Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology at Thiruvananthapuram. The InfoPark at Kochi was established in the year 2004. It was also under his administration that the Kannur University was created by bifurcating the University of Calicut. The University of Sanskrit was inaugurated in 1994. The Indian Institute of Management and the National Institute of Technology at Kozhikode were established in the years 1996 and 2002 respectively.
The Akshaya Project was implemented in 2002 to expand digital literacy in Kerala. During his tenure as Chief Minister, A. K. Antony introduced the Unemployment Allowance, Festival Allowance for the Kerala state employees.
During his tenure as Chief Minister, A. K. Antony introduced the prohibition of arrack in Kerala. It was at Chief Minister Antony's behest that the decision to construct the new Kerala Legislature Complex was taken in 1977. He also ordered the closure of the Kerala Coca-Cola plant in 2004 due to non-availability of drinking water in the plant area.
Oommen Chandy
It was also during tenure of Oommen Chandy that 12 new taluks, 28 new municipalities, and Kannur Municipal Corporation were formed. It was the largest taluk delimitation in the state of Kerala after 1957. The Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.
The Chandy ministry established new Government Medical Colleges in Kerala (in 2013, after a gap of 31 years). The "Karunya Scheme" was implemented in the year 2011–12 for the free treatment of patients with cancer, haemophilia, kidney, and heart diseases. A number of organ implantation surgeries were done through the "Mruthasanjeevani Project". The Second Chandy ministry had also taken the decision to prohibit liquor in Kerala by discouraging bars. The number of political killings were relatively low (11) during the period 2011–16 in the state.
Rubber subsidy to ensure a minimum price of Rs 150/kg was implemented in 2015.
In 2005, Information Technology was made a compulsory subject for the school-level students. Victers TV, the children's television channel on EDUSAT for schools, was inaugurated in 2005. The National University of Advanced Legal Studies at Kochi was founded in 2005 and the Indian Institute of Technology at Palakkad was established in the year 2015. The universities founded in 2011–16 period include the Malayalam University at Tirur (2012) and Technological University at Thiruvananthapuram (2014). The National Institute of Visual Science and Arts at Kottayam was inaugurated in January 2016. Kerala was declared as the first complete digital state of India on 27 February 2016.
The Kerala Public Service Commission filled the vacant posts during 2011–16. As many as 167,096 job candidates were appointed, setting a record. As many as 46,223 posts were created in the same period. The Phase-3 of the Technopark at Thiruvananthapuram was inaugurated in 2014. The Taurus Downtown at Technopark was commenced during the period 2011–16. The phase-2 of InfoPark, Kochi was inaugurated in May 2015. Phase-2 of InfoPark Thrissur was completed during the same period. The Park Centre of Cybercity at Kozhikode was formally opened by IT Minister P.K. Kunhalikutty on 15 February 2014. UL Cyberpark at Kozhikode was inaugurated in January 2016. Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of the Smart City Project.
Chandy received the United Nation's Public Service Award for his Mass Contact Programme ("Jana Samparkka Paripadi"). The government also sanctioned of Unemployment Allowance. Social welfare pension amounts and numbers were doubled during the second Chandy ministry. Old-age pension amounts were also increased. Other social welfare measures during Chandy reign include free ration for those who lost their employment. Free rice was given to those who did not belong to Above Poverty Line (APL). Food kits were distributed to the people during Onam, the Eid, and Christmas.
Chandy government constructed more than 400,000 houses for the homeless people in Kerala.
Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of Kannur Airport, the Kochi Metro, and the Vizhinjam Port near Thiruvananthapuram. The Kochi-Mangalore GAIL pipeline was commissioned by the second Chandy ministry in 2013. In 2015, the Cochin Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport. During his period, 227 road bridges worth nearly Rs 16 billion were built across Kerala.
A number of state highways were constructed under Chandy government and the final decision to widen the national highways of the state to 45 m were taken in 2014. Several "bypass" roads were also constructed.
Kerala Assembly Election results
| Election | Alliance leader | Seats won | Change in seats | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | K. Karunakaran | 46 / 140
|
New | Opposition, later Government |
| 1982 | 77 / 140
|
 31
|
Government | |
| 1987 | 61 / 140
|
 16
|
Opposition | |
| 1991 | 90 / 140
|
29
|
Government | |
| 1996 | A. K. Antony | 59 / 140
|
31
|
Opposition |
| 2001 | 99 / 140
|
40
|
Government | |
| 2006 | Oommen Chandy | 42 / 140
|
57
|
Opposition |
| 2011 | 72 / 140
|
30
|
Government | |
| 2016 | 47 / 140
|
25
|
Opposition | |
| 2021 | Ramesh Chennithala | 41 / 140
|
6
|
Opposition |
Electoral history
| Mandate | Seats secured | Ruling coalition | Majority | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LDF | UDF | Others | |||
| 1980 | 93 | 46 | 1 | LDF | 47 |
| 1982 | 63 | 77 | 0 | UDF | 14 |
| 1987 | 78 | 61 | 1 | LDF | 17 |
| 1991 | 48 | 90 | 2 | UDF | 40 |
| 1996 | 80 | 59 | 1 | LDF | 21 |
| 2001 | 40 | 99 | 1 | UDF | 59 |
| 2006 | 98 | 42 | 0 | LDF | 56 |
| 2011 | 68 | 72 | 0 | UDF | 04 |
| 2016 | 91 | 47 | 2 | LDF | 44 |
| 2021 | 99 | 41 | 0 | LDF | 59 |
Lok Sabha Electoral History
| Election | Seats won | Change in seats | Voteshare | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 08 / 20 | New | - | Government |
| 1984 | 18 / 20 | + 10 | 51.29% | Government |
| 1989 | 17 / 20 | - 01 | 49.29% | Opposition |
| 1991 | 16 / 20 | - 01 | 48.59% | Government |
| 1996 | 10 / 20 | - 06 | 45.75% | Opposition |
| 1998 | 11 / 20 | + 01 | 46.08% | Opposition |
| 1999 | 11 / 20 | No Change | 46.9% | Opposition |
| 2004 | 01 / 20 | - 10 | 38.38% | Government |
| 2009 | 16 / 20 | + 15 | 47.73% | Government |
| 2014 | 12 / 20 | - 04 | 41.98% | Opposition |
| 2019 | 19 / 20 | + 07 | 47.48% | Opposition |
| 2024 | 18 / 20 | - 01 | 45.21% | Opposition |
List of elected members
State legislature
The United Democratic Front currently has 41 members in the 140-member Kerala Legislative Assembly. The alliance currently forms the Opposition in the Assembly.
Key
Indian National Congress (INC) Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) Kerala Congress (KEC) Kerala Congress (Jacob) (KC(J)) Revolutionary Marxist Party of India (RMPI) Kerala Democratic Party (KDP)
Lok Sabha
Out of the 20 Lok Sabha (House of the People) constituencies in Kerala, 18 were won by the United Democratic Front in 2024 Lok Sabha election.
The following is the list of United Democratic Front Lok Sabha members from the state of Kerala:
Key
| No. | Parliamentary Constituency | Member (M. P.) | Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kasaragod | Rajmohan Unnithan | INC |
| 2 | Kannur | K. Sudhakaran | INC |
| 3 | Vatakara | Shafi Parambil | INC |
| 4 | Wayanad | Priyanka Gandhi Vadra | INC |
| 5 | Kozhikode | M. K. Raghavan | INC |
| 6 | Malappuram | E. T. Muhammed Basheer | IUML |
| 7 | Ponnani | M.P. Abdussamad Samadani | IUML |
| 8 | Palakkad | V. K. Sreekandan | INC |
| 9 | Chalakudy | Benny Behanan | INC |
| 10 | Ernakulam | Hibi Eden | INC |
| 11 | Idukki | Dean Kuriakose | INC |
| 12 | Kottayam | K. Francis George | KEC |
| 13 | Alappuzha | K. C. Venugopal | INC |
| 14 | Mavelikkara | Kodikunnil Suresh | INC |
| 15 | Pathanamthitta | Anto Antony Punnathaniyil | INC |
| 16 | Kollam | N. K. Premachandran | RSP |
| 17 | Attingal | Adoor Prakash | INC |
| 18 | Thiruvananthapuram | Shashi Tharoor | INC |
Rajya Sabha
The following is the list of United Democratic Front Rajya Sabha members from the state of Kerala:
Key
| No. | State | Member (M. P.) | Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kerala | Jebi Mather | INC |
| 2 | P. V. Abdul Wahab | IUML |
See also
- United Front (1970–79)
- Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee
- Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
- Indian National Congress
- Left Democratic Front
- Indian Union Muslim League
References
- ^ Heller, Patrick (18 April 2020). "A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "UDF had a chance in Kerala. Then Congress played a dangerous communal game". 24 March 2021.
- ^ "New curriculum to teach masturbation homosexuality: IUML leader Abdurahiman Randathani".
...the Congress-led UDF opposition contended in the Kerala assembly that the gender neutral views in the education policy will result in "negation of religion" and "sexual anarchy."
- ^ "CPI-M opposes Kerala move to privatise drinking water scheme". 30 March 2013.
- ^ "India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'". Washington Post. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats.
- ^ "Election history of Kerala". CEO Kerala. Chief Election Officer, Kerala.
- ^ PTI (23 December 2010). "Who was K Karunakaran?". NDTV. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
- ^ "Congress(I) leader Karunakaran sworn in as Kerala CM". India Today. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ^ Isaac, T. M. Thomas; Kumar, S. Mohana (1991). "Kerala Elections, 1991: Lessons and Non-Lessons". Economic and Political Weekly. 26 (47): 2691–2704. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4398338.
- ^ Menon, Girish (14 May 2001). "LDF swept out in Kerala". Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ Anantha Krishnan (13 May 2011). "This story is from May 13, 2011 Kerala assembly elections 2011: UDF wins by narrow margin". Times of India. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ Chandran, Cynthia (3 October 2020). "MM Hassan takes charge as the UDF convener". The New Indian Express.
- ^ Web Desk (23 April 2024). "ലോക്സഭാ തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ്: കേരള പ്രവാസി അസോസിയേഷൻ പിന്തുണ യുഡിഎഫിന്". www.mediaoneonline.com (in Malayalam). Retrieved 5 September 2024.
- ^ "As it happened: TMC, AIADMK retain power; BJP takes Assam, Left Kerala". Hindustan Times. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ^ PTI (30 May 2016). "Congress Elects Ramesh Chennithala As Leader Of Opposition In Kerala Assembly". NDTV. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
- ^ ANI (3 May 2021). "LDF retains power in Kerala winning 99 seats, decimates UDF to 41". ANI.
- ^ Manoj C G (22 May 2021). "Congress appoints V D Satheesan as Leader of Opposition in Kerala". Indian Express.
- ^ Daily, Keralakaumudi. "Wearing T P's badge, K K Rema takes oath; Will cooperate with opposition on issues where consensus could be built, she says". Keralakaumudi Daily. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ Chief Ministers of Kerala since 1957. Kerala Legislature
- ^ Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 32.
- ^ Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 150.
- ^ "I am competent to continue as UDF convenor, says P P Thankachan". Mathrubhumi. 3 June 2018.
- ^ Special Currespondent (20 September 2018). "Benny Behanan is UDF convener". The Hindu.
- ^ Express News Service (27 September 2020). "UDF convenor Benny Behanan steps down". The New Indian Express.
- ^ Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 22.
- ^ "VIP Football Pavilion at Kaloor Stadium Named after K Karunakaran". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Karunakaran Pavilion". The Times of India. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ "DP World Kochi poised to grow its capacity". Gulf News. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ^ Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 24.
- ^ "Kochi to turn into a job park". The New Indian Express. 19 January 2017.
- ^ Madampat, Shajahan (11 April 2019). "The importance of IUML". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ "IIMK – Growth History". iimk.ac.in.
- ^ "The first E-literate district of India". The Times of India. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ "Chief Ministers, Ministers and Leaders of Opposition in Kerala: Biographical Sketches and other data" (PDF). Niyamasabha. 26 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ Konikkara, Aathira. "Nearly 15 years after Coca Cola plant shut down, Plachimada's fight for Rs 216 crore in compensation continues". The Caravan. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ "12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala". The Hindu. 21 March 2013.
- ^ TNN (15 January 2015). "Kannur to become corporation; 28 new municipalities on anvil". Times of India.
- ^ Devassy, M. K. (1967). Census of India – 1961, Kerala (Census Atlas). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and Laccadive Islands.
- ^ Chandran 2018, p. 422.
- ^ "A new government medical college in Kerala after 31 years". The Hindu. 2 September 2013.
- ^ Special Currespondent (4 May 2019). "MCI recognition for Manjeri medical college". The Hindu.
- ^ Express News Service (2 April 2020). "Karunya Benevolent Fund Scheme extended for one more year". The New Indian Express.
- ^ Express News Service (4 October 2012). "43 cochlear implant surgeries performed". New Indian Express.
- ^ Webdesk (4 April 2021). "'മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയുടെ വെല്ലുവിളി ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നു'; വികസനങ്ങൾ എണ്ണിപ്പറഞ്ഞ് ഉമ്മൻചാണ്ടി". Malayalam Indian Express.
- ^ Philip, Shaju (22 December 2014). "Oommen Chandy: Changes in liquor policy final". Indian Express.
- ^ "Oommen Chandy blames CPM for political killings". Mathrbhumi. 8 September 2020.
- ^ Express News Service (27 August 2015). "Subsidy for Rubber Fixed at Rs 150/kg". The New Indian Express.
- ^ Express Web Desk (7 August 2017). "Kerala's 'IT@school' project now a government company 'KITE', CM Vijayan launches logo". The Indian Express.
- ^ "KITE".
- ^ "Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University Ordinance, 2012" (PDF). Kerala Gazette. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "Kerala gifts Malayalis a university". The Hindu. 2 November 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ "Jayakumar to take charge as Malayalam University VC". The New Indian Express. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ Press Information Bureau. "Remarks by Vice President of India, Shri M. Hamid Ansari, at the inauguration of the KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Sciences & Arts at Kottayam, Kerala". Government of India. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ^ Special currespondent (28 February 2016). "Kerala the first digital State". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ "What the finance minister wouldn't tell you". Onmanorama. 23 July 2016.
- ^ P K Krishnakumar (17 January 2014). "Technopark becomes largest IT park in the country". Economic Times.
- ^ ET Bureau (4 May 2015). "Infopark second phase inaguration on May 6". Economic Times.
- ^ Reporter (14 January 2016). "CM to inaugurate Koratty infopark". The Hindu.
- ^ "nfopark Koratty Phase II starts off with Indeevaram on January 21". Kerala IT News. 14 January 2014.
- ^ "Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map". The Hindu. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
- ^ "Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map". The Times of India. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
- ^ Govind, Biju (24 February 2016). "UL CyberPark marks a first in IT sector". The Hindu.
- ^ "Congress kicks off poll campaign with 'Aiswarya Kerala yatra'". The News Minute. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy bags UN award for 'mass contact programme'". The Economic Times. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "തലസ്ഥാനത്തെ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതല് പരിഗണിച്ച മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയാര് ? കണക്കുകള് പറയുന്നു അത് ഉമ്മന്ചാണ്ടി". www.kaumudiplus.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ PTI (31 January 2021). "Kerala: Hitting out at 'misrule' of LDF govt, UDF launches state-wide rally". Hindutan Times.
- ^ "Kochi Metro turns a glorious chapter today". New Indian Express. 7 September 2020.
- ^ Philip, Shaju (11 January 2021). "Gas pipeline from Kochi to Mangaluru: hurdles crossed, and why it matters". Indian Express.
- ^ "Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar-powered major airport". LiveMint. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ Menon, Supriya (9 October 2015). "How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? – BBC News". BBC News. Bbc.com. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
- ^ "Chandy challenges LDF to disclose list of bridges constructed during their tenure". Mathrubhumi name="227 Bridges". Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ Philip, Shaju (24 October 2014). "Kerala government finally decides to develop national highways at 45-meter width". Indian Express.
- ^ "History of Kerala Legislature". kerala.gov.in. Government of Kerala.
- Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.
Further reading
- Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF), Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature, 2018
