Gryneium
Xenophon mentions Gryneium as belonging to Gongylus of Eretria; and it is possible that the castrum Grunium in Phrygia, from which Alcibiades derived an income of 50 talents was the town of Grynium. It was a member of the Delian League.
In 334 BC, Parmenion, who was one of the commanders of Alexander the Great, came to the region before Alexander's invasion took the town by assault, burned it, and sold its inhabitants as slaves, to prevent the resistance of the people around.
Its ruins are near Aliağa in İzmir Province of Turkey in western Anatolia. It is on the Aegean coast and very close to the modern town of Yeni Şakran.
The first excavations were made by the French in 1883 and lasted several days. With a few pieces of vase, bronze objects were found. The next excavation was carried out by the Bergama Museum in 1959. During the expansion of İzmir–Çanakkale highway, a beautiful mosaic and necropolis area was found with sarcophagi. Today there has been no construction in the local area and the ruins can easily be seen from a great distance.
References
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, G213.1
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 1.149.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. xiii. p. 622. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
- ^ Virgil, Ecl. 6.72, Aen. 4.345; Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 5.32, 32.21.
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Γρύνοι.
- ^ Pausanias (1918). "21.9". Description of Greece. Vol. 1. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library.
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Grynēum
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.21.7
- ^ Xenophon. Hellenica. Vol. 3.1.6.
- ^ Nep. Alcib. 9.
- ^ Athenian Tribute Lists
- ^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). Vol. 17.7.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Grynium". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.