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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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Hulun Buir
Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Its administrative center is located at Hailar District, its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands, the Hulun and Buir lakes (the latter partially in Mongolia), and the Khingan range. Hulun Buir borders Russia to the north and west, Mongolia to the south and west, Heilongjiang province to the east and Hinggan League to the direct south. Hulunbuir is a linguistically diverse area: next to Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian dialects such as Khorchin and Buryat, the Mongolic language Daur, and some Tungusic languages, including Oroqen and Solon, are spoken there.

History

During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912 to 1949, during the Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and Heilongjiang provinces. In winter 1912, the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga (Hulunbuir); afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia; an agreement between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 6/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration and economy. In 1929, the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir. After the Japanese invasion of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples.

After the Chinese Communist Revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway. During the Cultural Revolution, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979. Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a League. The area is 263,953 km (101,913 sq mi) and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004, while the gross domestic product was RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province-level divisions (and 42 U.S. states), although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.

Names

Monument of Genghis Khan on Sükhbaatar Square, Hailar
City center of Hailar, 2007

The city was once a league (盟) of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During the Qing Dynasty, it was known in Mandarin as Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr (simplified Chinese: 呼伦布雨尔; traditional Chinese: 呼倫布雨爾).

Administrative subdivisions

Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, five county-level cities, four banners and three autonomous banners.

Map
Name Mongolian Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2010) 		Area (km) Density
(/km)
Hailar District ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Qayilar toɣoriɣ) 		海拉尔区 Hǎilā'ěr Qū 344,947 1,440 181
Jalainur District ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠳᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Jalainaɣur toɣoriɣ) 		扎赉诺尔区 Zhālàinuò'ěr Qū 97,000 272 357
Manzhouli City ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
(Manjuur qota) 		满洲里市 Mǎnzhōulǐ Shì 152,473 424 360
Zalantun City ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
(Jalan Ayil qota) 		扎兰屯市 Zhālántún Shì 366,326 16,800 21.8
Yakeshi City ᠶᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
(Yaɣsi qota) 		牙克石市 Yákèshí Shì 352,177 27,590 12.8
Genhe City
(Gengol City) 		ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
(Gegen Ɣool qota) 		根河市 Gēnhé Shì 110,441 19,659 5.6
Ergun City ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
(Ergün-e qota) 		额尔古纳市 É'ěrgǔnà Shì 76,667 28,000 2.7
Arun Banner ᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Arun qosiɣu) 		阿荣旗 Āróng Qí 278,744 12,063 23.1
New Barag Right Banner
(Xin Barag Barun Banner) 		ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Sin-e Barɣu Baraɣun qosiɣu) 		新巴尔虎右旗 Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Yòu Qí 36,356 25,102 1.4
New Barag Left Banner
(Xin Barag Jun Banner) 		ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Sin-e Barɣu Jegün qosiɣu) 		新巴尔虎左旗 Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Zuǒ Qí 40,258 22,000 1.8
Old Barag Banner
(Huqin Barag Banner) 		ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Qaɣučin Barɣu qosiɣu) 		陈巴尔虎旗 Chénbā'ěrhǔ Qí 58,244 21,192 2.7
Oroqen Autonomous Banner ᠣᠷᠴᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Orčon-u öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) 		鄂伦春自治旗 Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí 223,752 59,800 3.7
Ewenki Autonomous Banner ᠡᠸᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Eveŋki öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) 		鄂温克族自治旗 Èwēnkèzú Zìzhìqí 134,981 19,111 7.1
Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Morin Dabaɣ-a Daɣur öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) 		莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 Mòlìdáwǎ Dáwò'ěrzú Zìzhìqí 276,912 10,500 26.4
Part of Oroqin Autonomous Banner is de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang.

Geography and climate

Map including part of the Hulunbuir area (AMS, 1955)
Mo'erdaoga Forest Park, Ergun

Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has an extreme humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb, Trewartha Dcbd/Dcbc). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) in January to 20.0 °C (68 °F) in July, while the annual mean is −0.96 °C (30.3 °F). With at least 55% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,700 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months.

Climate data for Hailar District, elevation 650 m (2,130 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		29.4
(84.9) 		35.4
(95.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		41.7
(107.1) 		39.6
(103.3) 		33.2
(91.8) 		26.2
(79.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		41.7
(107.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −19.8
(−3.6) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.7
(80.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		7.9
(46.2) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		5.9
(42.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.6
(65.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−0.2
(31.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −29.2
(−20.6) 		−25.3
(−13.5) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−26.2
(−15.2) 		−5.7
(21.7)
Record low °C (°F) −42.9
(−45.2) 		−42.3
(−44.1) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−21.6
(−6.9) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−23.9
(−11.0) 		−38.0
(−36.4) 		−42.8
(−45.0) 		−42.9
(−45.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.9
(0.15) 		3.6
(0.14) 		5.9
(0.23) 		13.8
(0.54) 		24.9
(0.98) 		53.3
(2.10) 		96.5
(3.80) 		78.6
(3.09) 		35.7
(1.41) 		16.8
(0.66) 		6.7
(0.26) 		6.9
(0.27) 		346.6
(13.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.3 4.6 4.7 5.3 7.6 11.9 13.9 12.1 8.7 6.4 6.8 8.5 96.8
Average snowy days 8.8 6.7 7.0 5.4 1.1 0.1 0 0 0.6 5.2 9.5 11.6 56
Average relative humidity (%) 75 75 68 50 45 57 66 68 62 61 72 77 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 154.5 191.8 250.7 244.0 264.5 269.1 260.1 248.1 223.0 197.3 156.5 131.5 2,591.1
Percent possible sunshine 57 66 67 59 56 56 54 56 60 60 58 52 58
Source: China Meteorological Administrationall-time extreme temperature


Demographics

Horses in Old Barag Banner
Ethnic group Population in 2000 Share
Han 2,199,645 81.85%
Mongols 231,276 8.6%
Daur 111,053 4.13%
Hui 70,287 2.62%
Evenks 30,950 1.15%
Oroqen 8,355 0.31%
Russians 4,741 0.18%

Transport

Airports include:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
  2. ^ Mongolian: , Kölün buyir, Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, Khölönbuir; Chinese: 呼伦贝尔, Hūlúnbèi'ěr; Russian: Хулунбуир, Khulunbuir

References

  1. ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  2. ^ 内蒙古自治区统计局、国家统计局内蒙古调查总队 (2016). 《内蒙古统计年鉴－2016》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-7901-5.
  3. ^ Кузьмин С.Л. Баргинский и харачинский вопросы в истории Восточной Азии (первая половина XX века). – Т. 1. [Kuzmin S.L. The Barga and Kharachin Questions in the History of East Asia (First Half of the 20th Century)]. – М.: КМК. – 2021. – Т. 1. – 407 p. – ISBN 978-5-907372-78-8 (volume 1)
  4. ^ Кузьмин С.Л. Баргинский и харачинский вопросы в истории Восточной Азии (первая половина XX века). – [Kuzmin S.L. The Barga and Kharachin Questions in the History of East Asia (First Half of the 20th Century)]. – М.: КМК. – 2022. – Т. 2. – 259 p.+илл. – ISBN 978-5-907372-93-1 (volume 2)
  5. ^ Tang, Peter S. H. (1969). "Sino-Soviet Territorial Disputes: Past and Present". The Russian Review. 28 (4): 403–415. doi:10.2307/127160. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 127160.
  6. ^ Bulag, Uradyn E. (2004). "Inner Mongolia". In Rossabi, Morris (ed.). Inner Mongolia: The Dialectics of Colonization and Ethnicity Building. University of Washington Press. pp. 84–116. ISBN 978-0-295-98412-4. JSTOR j.ctvbtzm7t.7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Shabad, Theodore (1972). China's Changing Map: National and Regional Development, 1949-71. Taylor & Francis. pp. 237–239.
  8. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  9. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  10. ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  11. ^ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Retrieved 2024-10-23.

Further reading

  • 今日内蒙古: 呼伦贝尔 [Inner Mongolia today: Hulun Buir]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House. 1997. pp. 9 and 129. ISBN 7-204-03545-3.
  • 呼伦贝尔民族文物考古大系：鄂伦春自治旗卷 [Hulunbuir Ethnic Cultural Relics and Archaeology Series. Oroqen Autonomous Banner]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press. 2014. p. 255. ISBN 9787501039517.
  • 呼伦贝尔民族文物考古研究. Vol. viii. Beijing: Sciences Press. 2013–2014. pp. 537 and 538. ISBN 9787030393463., -4033.
  • Bökecilagu. Kölün Boyir-un sonirqal-ud. Qayilar : Ȯbȯr Mongġol-un Soyol-un Keblel-u̇n Qoriy-a, 1988. 2, 8, 217 p. ISBN 9787805060231.
  • Möngkedalai. Hulunbeier samanjiao yu lamajiao shilüe = Kölün Boyir-un böge-yin śasin kiged lama-yin śasin-u tobci teüke. Beijing : Minzu chubanshe, 2014. 5, 4, 545 p., ill., biblio., index. ISBN 9787105130573.
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