On 6 May, the IDF ordered civilians in eastern Rafah to evacuate to Al-Mawasi, west of Khan Yunis, affecting about 100,000 people. Later that day, Hamas announced that it had accepted the terms of a ceasefire brokered by Egypt and Qatar. The deal included a 6-week ceasefire and exchange of prisoners. However, Israel rejected this deal. Israel said that it found the terms unacceptable, but that it would continue to negotiate while the military operation on Rafah was ongoing to "exert military pressure on Hamas".

Israel ordered a series of airstrikes on Rafah, while the Israeli war cabinet voted to invade Rafah. Later that day, the IDF entered the outskirts of Rafah and approached the Rafah Crossing and Egyptian border. On 7 May, the IDF seized control of the Gaza side of the Rafah Crossing bordering Egypt. Haaretz reported that as talks continued, Israel committed to Egypt and the United States that it would limit fighting to the Rafah Crossing and transfer control of the area to an American security company. However, the State Department and White House denied any knowledge of this commitment. The previous week, the US had paused a shipment of bombs to Israel over concerns about the offensive. On 11 May, the IDF ordered more residents to evacuate eastern and central Rafah. By 15 May, an estimated 600,000 had fled Rafah and another 100,000 from the north, according to the United Nations. On 24 May, the International Court of Justice ruled that "Israel must immediately halt its military offensive, and any other action in the Rafah Governorate, which may inflict on the Palestinian group in Gaza conditions of life that could bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part."

On 24 May, the United Nations said only 906 aid truckloads had reached Gaza since Israel's Rafah operation began. On 26 May, Hamas fired a barrage of rockets towards Central Israel for the first time in months. Israel bombed the Tel al-Sultan displacement camp in Rafah in an area designated by Israel as a safe zone, killing at least 45 people. The IDF said the strike killed two senior Hamas officials. The bombing provoked a skirmish between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers at the Gaza border in which one Egyptian soldier was killed. Despite global outrage and calls from government officials from around the world to halt its Rafah offensive, less than 48 hours after the Tel al-Sultan attack, the Al-Mawasi refugee camp, another designated civilian evacuation zone, was bombed, killing at least 21 people, 13 of them women and girls. The IDF denied involvement in the attack. On 31 May, the United States announced a ceasefire framework for ending the war.

Al Jazeera video of the Al-Awda School massacre
External video
Video of the July 9 air strike and its aftermath taken by a football spectator who was filming the game. Contains graphic images of severe injury.

On 6 June, Israel bombed a UN-run school sheltering displaced people in the Nuseirat refugee camp in central Gaza, killing dozens of Palestinians. Two days later, Israel conducted an attack on Nuseirat refugee camp which resulted in the rescue of four hostages. The United States provided advice and intelligence to Israeli forces during the raid, through its "hostage cell" stationed in Israel. The attack resulted in the deaths of 274 Palestinians. On 23 June, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu said he was open to a partial deal with Hamas to return some of the hostages without a permanent ceasefire. Hamas said that any deal should include a permanent ceasefire and the withdrawal of Israeli forces. On 27 June, Israeli forces re-invaded the al-Shuja'iyya neighborhood. According to Middle East Monitor and ReliefWeb, between 4 July and 10 August, Israel attacked 21 schools in Gaza, killing 274 people. On 9 July, at least 31 people were killed in an Israeli strike on Al-Awda school. The IDF carried out a series of coordinated attacks in Gaza City and Deir al-Balah. The armed wings of Hamas and Islamic Jihad said they fought against Israeli soldiers with anti-tank munitions and mortar fire. The fighting resulted in the killing of at least 50 Palestinians.

On 13 July, at least 90 people were killed and 300 were injured in an Israeli strike on Al-Mawasi and 22 people were killed in an Israeli strike targeting people gathered to pray in the Al-Shati refugee camp. On 15 July, Israeli air raids destroyed the UNRWA's Gaza headquarters. Israeli forces destroyed the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, prompting calls for an investigation from the Turkish government. On 31 July, Al Jazeera journalist Ismail al-Ghoul and his cameraman were killed in a targeted strike in the west of Gaza City. They were reporting on the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, which occurred earlier that day, from the area near Haniyeh's home in Gaza. Rawhi Mushtaha and two other Hamas officials were killed in an Israeli airstrike. On 1 August, Israeli strikes killed at least 15 in a shelter in Gaza City. On 3 August, at least 17 Palestinians were killed in two Israeli airstrikes on a school turned shelter in Gaza City. On 4 August, Israel bombed tents outside Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital, killing 5 Palestinians, and airstrikes targeting shelters in Gaza City killed at least 30. On 8 August, at least 15 Palestinians were killed when Israel bombed two schools in eastern Gaza City. Two days later, at least 80 Palestinians were killed in Israeli airstrikes on Al-Tabaeen school. On 17 August, three Israeli missiles struck a warehouse in Az-Zawayda, killing 16 sheltering Palestinians. Another strike on a home in Deir al-Balah killed at least four. On 20 August, Israel struck the Mustafa Hafiz school in Gaza City, killing at least 12. On 29 August, an Israeli airstrike on an Anera aid convoy en route to the Emirati Red Crescent Hospital killed four Palestinians. On 25 October, an Israeli strike on a house south of Khan Yunis led to the collapse of several other residential buildings, killing at least 33 people.

On 22 July, the IDF began a second invasion of Khan Yunis. Israel ordered the evacuation of the eastern part of Khan Yunis, 73 people were killed during the first day of the attack. By August 2024, almost 84% of Gaza was under evacuation orders from Israel. Footage from an Israeli drone surfaced showing the destruction of the Grand Mosque in Khan Yunis. On 21 August, Israel bombed Hamad City, killing ten Palestinians. On 24 August, an Israeli bombing on the al-Katiba area of Khan Yunis killed 11 people. On 30 August, The IDF withdrew its 98th battalion from Khan Yunis and Deir el-Balah after its month long operation, saying it killed over 250 Palestinian militants.

On 16 August, a 10-month-old contracted Gaza's first case of polio in 25 years. Polio vaccinations began on 31 August at Nasser Hospital. On 4 September, World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that vaccinations would continue at "four fixed sites in central Gaza for three more days". On 6 September, the Gaza Health Ministry said that Israel was hindering polio vaccinations by refusing to coordinate the entry of medical teams into the southern Gaza Strip. On 9 September, UN staff working with the polio vaccination campaign were detained by Israeli soldiers in northern Gaza, who held them at gunpoint and damaged UN vehicles with bulldozers. On 16 September, Lazzarini said that first phase of polio vaccination was a success and it reached 90% of the children. On 12 October, the WHO was able to begin its vaccination campaign in Central Gaza despite strikes on Al Aqsa Hospital. Strikes on the Mufti school in Nuseirat also delayed the distribution of polio vaccines. On 17 October, the vaccination campaign in central Gaza was completed. On 23 October, vaccinations in northern Gaza were postponed due to Israeli bombardment, mass displacement and lack of access. On 2 November, the WHO began its vaccination campaign in northern Gaza. An Israeli quadcopter fired on the Sheikh Radwan clinic, injuring six people. The IDF denied responsibility for the attack.

On 1 September, Israel bombed a school sheltering displaced Palestinians, killing 11 people. The IDF claimed to have killed 200 militants and discovered dozens of weapons in Tel al-Sultan in one week in its operation in Rafah. On 10 September, Israeli missile strikes on a tent encampment in Al-Mawasi killed 19 to 40 people. On 11 September, an Israeli airstrike on a family home in eastern Khan Yunis killed at least 13 Palestinians. An IAF UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter crashed in Rafah while trying to evacuate a critically injured combat engineer, killing two Israeli soldiers and injuring seven others.

An Israeli airstrike on a UNRWA-run school-turned-shelter in Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 18 people. On 16 September, an Israeli strike on a home in Nuseirat refugee camp killed 10 Palestinians. On 21 September, an Israeli air strike on Zeitoun school in Gaza City killed at least 21 Palestinians. On 23 September, an Israeli air strike in Nuseirat refugee camp killed 11 Palestinians. On 25 September, Israel returned 88 bodies to Gaza in a container truck, providing no information about the names, ages, or location where the victims had been killed. Health officials at Nasser Hospital refused to bury the bodies until they were identified. On 26 September, an Israeli strike on a school-turned-shelter in Jabalia killed at least 15 Palestinians. On 30 September, Israeli forces bombed two houses on the Nuseirat camp, killing at least 13 people.

On 1 October, Israeli forces destroyed many residential buildings in the southern part of Khan Yunis, killing at least 12 members of a Palestinian family. On 2 October, the bodies of over 30 Palestinians and several other injured people were found following withdrawal of Israeli forces after several hours of ground assault in Khan Yunus. On 6 October, Israeli airstrikes on Shuhada al-Aqsa mosque in Deir el-Balah and the Ibn Rushd school in central Gaza killed at least 26 Palestinians and more than 93 others were injured. An Israeli airstrike on a home in northern Gaza killed 10 Palestinians. On 6 October, Palestinian journalist Hassan Hamad was killed in an airstrike on his home after receiving threats from an Israeli officer over WhatsApp saying that if he did not stop filming, "we'll come for you next and turn your family into [...] This is your last warning." On 14 October, video of a fire at a tent camp outside Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital showed a person burning alive in the flames, and at least four others were killed. On 15 October, an Israeli air strike on a home in the Bani Suhaila neighbourhood of Khan Yunis killed at least 10 people. On 11 September, an Israeli air strike on a residential building in southern Gaza killed at least 10 people. On 17 October, an Israeli air strike on a residential building in the Maghazi refugee camp killed at least 10 people. On 18 October, an Israeli strike on a home in the Maghazi refugee camp killed 16 people and left several people missing and trapped under the rubble. On 19 October, Oxfam condemned the killing of four water engineers working with one of its partners, Coastal Municipalities Water Union near Khuzaa by an Israeli airstrike, despite prior coordination of their activities with Israeli authorities. On 24 October, Israeli missile strikes on Shuhadaa al-Nuseirat school serving as a shelter for displaced families in Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 18 Palestinians and injured at least 52 others. On 29 October, an Israeli air strike in central az-Zawayda killed 10 people. On 31 October, an Israeli strike hit two homes in the vicinity of the Nuseirat refugee camp, killing 16 people. On 1 November, Israeli bombardment in Deir Al-Balah, the Nuseirat refugee camp and the Al-Zawayda killed 47 Palestinians and injured dozens of people. Another Israeli strike on the entrance of a school serving as shelter for displaced people in the Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 10 Palestinians. On 1 November, an Israeli strike on the entrance of a school serving as shelter for displaced people in the Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 14 Palestinians. An Israeli strike on a car in Khan Yunis killed 10 people.

On 6 October, Israeli forces bombarded Jabalia refugee camp, killing 17 people. On 8 October, the IDF began to encircle Jabalia camp and said it had killed about 20 Palestinian militants in air strikes and street battles. Casualties also included at least seven Palestinian civilians. On 9 October, an Israeli strike on Al-Yemen Al-Saeed Hospital in Jabalia camp killed at least 15 people. On 10 October, the IDF issued evacuation orders for three hospitals in northern Gaza, threatening that they would meet "the same fate as al-Shifa hospital, with destruction, killing and arrest." An attack near Kamal Edwan Hospital and in an evacuation centre in the western part of Jabalia killed at least 16 people. An Israeli strike on Rufaida school which was serving as a shelter for displaced people in Deir el-Balah killed at least 28 people and injured 54 others. The IDF said that an Israeli airstrike on a Hamas base in Jabaliya killed at least 12 Hamas and PIJ commanders. On 11 October, Israeli fighter jets struck a multistory apartment block in Jabalia killing 22 people, injuring 90 and trapping 14 under the rubble. The IDF said that it killed 20 Hamas militants in the Jabalia refugee camp in the past 24 hours. Israeli tank shelling on a school which serves as shelter for displaced people in Nuseirat killed at least 22 people and injured 80 others. On 14 October Israeli air strikes on a food distribution centre in Jabalia camp killed 10 people and injured at least 30. On 15 October, Israeli strikes in the vicinity of al-Faluja in Jabalia refugee camp killed at least 11 people. On 17 October, Israeli strikes on the UNRWA-run Abu Hussein school serving as a shelter for displaced people in Jabalia killed at least 28 people and injured 160 others. The IDF said that its air force killed dozens of militants in Jabalia on that day. On 28 October, the IDF said that it continued air and ground operations in Jabalia, killing dozens of fighters.

On 16 October, IDF ground forces killed Yahya Sinwar in a shootout in Tal as-Sultan. The conscript soldiers who participated in the shootout were not initially aware that one of the militants they had killed was Sinwar, and he was identified the following day by his dental records. Sinwar's death while participating in ground battles alongside a small group of militants ran counter to the Israeli defense establishment's assumptions that he would be hiding underground, surrounded by hostages. There were no hostages in Sinwar's vicinity at the time of his death, and no civilian casualties were reported. Joe Biden urged Israel to end the war citing victory as a result of Sinwar's death.

On 13 October, senior IDF officials told Haaretz that the government was not seeking to revive hostage talks and that political leadership was pushing for the annexation of parts of the Gaza Strip. In the later weeks of October, Israel's siege on North Gaza intensified and daily aid shipments dropped significantly. Eyewitnesses reported the shelling of hospitals, razing of shelters, and abductions of men and boys by the Israeli military, leading to speculation that Israel had decided to implement a plan by a group of retired generals to turn the northern Strip into a closed military zone and declare all who refuse to leave as combatants. On 18 October, an Israeli air strike on several houses in the vicinity of the Nassar Junction in Jabalia refugee camp killed 33 people, injured 85 others and trapped several others under the rubble. On 19 October, Israel bombed al-Awda Hospital in Jabalia and Kamal Adwan and the Indonesian hospitals in Beit Lahiya. The IDF continued its encirclement of Jabalia by sending tanks to Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun and issuing evacuation orders to residents. At least 87 people including women and children were killed or missing and 40 others were injured in an Israeli airstrike on several homes and a multistory residential building in Beit Lahia. Israeli Colonel Ehsan Daxa was killed on 20 October during fighting in Jabalia when his tank squadron was hit with explosive devices. On 21 October, Israeli artillery shelling on a school sheltering displaced people in Jabalia killed at least 10 people. On 22 October, an Israeli drone strike on a group of Palestinians in Beit Lahia killed at least 15 people. On 24 October, an IDF attack destroyed at least 10 residential buildings in the al-Hawja residential area inside the Jabalia refugee camp. According to an assessment by Gaza Civil Defense, 150 people were either killed or injured. On 25 October, Gaza Civil Defense said that an Israeli drone strike on a group of Palestinians receiving aid near Shati refugee camp killed 12 people. The WHO said it had lost contact with Kamal Adwan hospital that night, and UN human rights chief Volker Türk called recent developments in North Gaza the "darkest moment" in the war so far. In his statement, Türk invoked the international obligation to prevent genocide, marking a departure from UN hesitancy to use that word regarding the war.

On 26 October, an Israeli strike on a residential area in Beit Lahia killed at least 35 Palestinians. The following day, Israeli forces bombed a building that housed displaced people in Beit Lahia, killing ten people. An Israeli airstrike on the UN-run Asmaa school sheltering displaced families in Al-Shati refugee camp killed at least 11 people and injured several others. On 29 October, at least 109 Palestinians were killed and dozens of others were injured after an Israeli airstrike destroyed a residential building housing displaced people in Beit Lahia. Another Israeli air strike on a residential area in Beit Lahia killed at least 19 people. On 30 October, Israeli airstrikes on one of the main markets in Beit Lahia killed 10 Palestinians and injured 20 others. On 1 November, two Israeli strikes on buildings in northern Gaza killed 84 Palestinians. The UN warned that the situation had become "apocalyptic" and that "The entire Palestinian population in North Gaza is at imminent risk of dying from disease, famine and violence". On 2 November, UNICEF said that more than 50 children were killed in Israeli strikes in Jabalia in the past two days. On 4 November, an Israeli air strike on a home in Beit Lahia killed at least 20 people.

Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and the Houthi movement in Yemen have launched limited attacks against Israel, raising fears of a wider regional military conflict. Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and Syria have also traded attacks with the US and IDF. Israel has bombed targets in and around Damascus throughout the war, with an attack on the Iranian embassy in Damascus on 1 April leading to a direct Iranian response. Iran launched a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel. Over 100 Palestinians have been killed in confrontations with Israeli soldiers and settlers in the West Bank since 7 October. Settler violence has been heavily criticized by the IDF.

Amnesty International released a report on 5 February 2024 stating that Israel is carrying out unlawful killings in the West Bank and displaying "a chilling disregard for Palestinian lives" and that Israeli forces are carrying out numerous illegal acts of violence that constitute clear violations of international law.

Even before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank in 20 years. Violence in the West Bank has increased since the war began with more than 607 Palestinians and over 25 Israelis killed. At the same time, Israeli settler violence further increased to around 1,270 attacks, against 856 for all of 2022. About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers since 7 October and almost half of clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report. According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, which is funded by the European Union, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned due to the violence.

By 10 October, confrontations between Palestinians and Israeli forces had left 15 Palestinians dead, including two in East Jerusalem. On 11 October, Israeli settlers attacked the village of Qusra, killing four Palestinians. A 16-year-old child was fatally shot by the IDF in Bani Na'im, while another person was shot dead by the IDF near Bethlehem. On 12 October, two Palestinians were killed after Israeli settlers interrupted a funeral procession for Palestinians killed in prior settler attacks and opened fire.

On 18 October, protests broke out over the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, with clashes reported in Ramallah. In Jenin, a 12-year-old girl was shot dead by crossfire from Palestinian Authority security forces, and another youth was injured by PA forces in Tubas. One Palestinian was killed in confrontations with Israeli forces in Nabi Salih, and 30 others were injured across the West Bank. On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight Israeli raids across the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's spokesperson in the West Bank, Hassan Yousef.

On 22 October, Israel struck the al-Ansar Mosque in the Jenin refugee camp, saying that it had killed several "terror operatives" from Hamas and Islamic Jihad who were planning attacks inside without providing evidence. Within a few days Ayser Mohammad Al-Amer, a senior commander of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad was killed during a clash with IDF in the Jenin refugee camp. On 31 October, the IDF engaged Hamas around Shuweika.

On 1 November, Issa Amro said the situation in the West Bank had become "very hard", noting "All the checkpoints are closed. Israeli settlers and soldiers are acting violently with the Palestinians." The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs warned Israeli settler violence against Palestinians was on the rise.

On 20 April 14 Palestinians were killed in clashes during an Israeli raid in the West Bank. Palestinian sources identified one of the victims as a militant, while Israel said that 14 gunmen were killed.

In July 2024, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers of land in the occupied West Bank. According to Peace Now, this was the largest single appropriation approved since the 1993 Oslo accords." On 4 July, Israeli authorites approved plans for almost 5,300 new houses in occupied West Bank.

On 7 August, Wafa reported that Israeli forces destroyed the regional headquarters of Fatah in the Balata Camp.

On 14 August, the Israeli government approved new settlements in the occupied West Bank.

On 28 August, Israel launched the largest military operation into the northern West Bank in more than 20 years. Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz said that the operation was a "full-fledged war". Israeli forces carried out simultaneous operations in Jenin, Tubas, Nablus, Ramallah and Tulkarem. In Jenin, Israeli forces devastated civilian infrastructure with anti-tank munitions and armored bulldozers, set fire to the Jenin farmers' market, and carried out mass arrests of men and boys. Civilians were trapped in their homes and denied access to food, water and medicine. Members of the press were denied access to the city while the operation was ongoing. Eyewitnesses also reported the use of Palestinian detainees as human shields and the use of attack dogs against civilian families. The army blocked access to hospitals and ambulances. On 29 August, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres demanded a halt to the operations. EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the operations "must not constitute the premises of a war extension from Gaza, including full-scale destruction." On 3 September, Israeli media reported that the IDF had classified the West Bank as a "combat zone" and now viewed it as the second most important front in the war. Yoav Gallant said that Israel was "mowing the lawn" with its West Bank operations, but that it would eventually need to "pull out the roots". On 6 September, Turkish-American protestor Ayşenur Eygi was killed by an Israeli sniper at a demonstration near Nablus.

On 3 October, an Israeli airstrike in Tulkarm Camp killed at least 20 people.

Israeli settlers have taken advantage of the ongoing war to expand settlement activity supported by a far-right Israeli government, including land seizure and large scale settlement plans. In 2024, Israeli land seizures exceeded the combined total of the previous 20 years.

During the war, civilians in Israel have been subjected to intermittent killings and other violent actions. For example, on 30 November, two Palestinian gunmen killed three and wounded eleven Israeli civilians at a bus stop on the Givat Shaul Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility. On 16 February 2024, a Palestinian gunman shot and killed two Israeli civilians and injured four others in Kiryat Malakhi, Israel. The shooter was killed by an off-duty IDF reservist at the scene. On 12 April 2024 a 14-old Israeli shepherd was killed and on 16 April 2024 two Palestinians were killed by Israeli settlers in Aqraba. On 13 May, at the Tarqumiya checkpoint, a convoy of trucks carrying food supplies to Gaza was attacked by Israeli settlers, who damaged the trucks and threw supplies on the ground.

Israel has dramatically increased its use of administrative detention against Palestinians from both the West Bank and Gaza, as well as Palestinian citizens of Israel, since the start of the war. Administrative detention was already at a 20-year high before October 2023. At least 60 Palestinians have died in Israeli detention since 7 October.

In December 2023, a military base at Sde Teiman in the Negev Desert was converted to a detention camp by the IDF. Whistleblowers and detainees have reported beatings and torture of Palestinian detainees at the camp, as well as amputations of limbs due to injuries sustained from handcuffing, medical neglect, arbitrary punishment and sexual abuse. Prisoners have been pressured to make coerced confessions that they are members of Hamas. After conditions in the camp came to light in May 2024, the Supreme Court of Israel held a hearing and the IDF began transferring 1,200 of the prisoners to Ofer Prison. Detainees have reported severe instances of violence during transfers between prisons.

Several Palestinian healthcare workers have been abducted from Gaza hospitals during sieges by Israeli forces. On 25 March, Israeli forces abducted Khaled Alser, the lead author of the first Lancet paper on trauma among Gazan ER patients and doctors, from Nasser Hospital. As of 31 August, he remains in detention and his whereabouts are unknown.

On 29 July 2024, military police raided Sde Teiman to arrest ten soldiers "suspected of the serious sexual abuse" of a Palestinian detainee. Itamar Ben-Gvir and other members of the Otzma Yehudit party condemned the arrests. Far-right supporters of the arrested soldiers including Ben Gvir, Amihai Eliyahu, Zvi Sukkot, and Nissim Vaturi stormed Sde Teiman that night in protest. Hours later, protestors broke into Beit Lid where the soldiers were being held.

On 7 October 2024, American journalist Jeremy Loffredo and three other international and Israeli journalists were detained at a checkpoint in the West Bank on suspicion of "assisting an enemy in war" for their reporting on the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel. The journalists' cameras and phones were confiscated. Loffredo was released after four days in detention, and barred from leaving the country until 20 October.

A series of border clashes with Hezbollah along the Israel–Lebanon border began shortly after the 7 October attack. In 2024, Israel escalated its assault on Lebanon, carrying out explosive device attacks, assassinations of Hezbollah and Hamas leaders, and expanding its bombing campaign. On 1 October, Israel began a ground invasion of Lebanon. More than 2,500 people have been killed and 20% of Lebanon's population has been displaced.

On 8 October, Hezbollah launched an artillery attack on Israeli positions in Shebaa Farms; this was met with immediate retaliation. Skirmishes have occurred every day since, spilling over to the occupied Golan Heights. more than a million people in Lebanon and over 96,000 more in Israel have been displaced. On 13 October, Reuters journalist Issam Abdullah was killed by Israeli tank fire while reporting on the border skirmishes. The inability of Israelis to return to settlements and homes in the north of the country led to Antony Blinken stating that Israel had effectively "lost sovereignty in the northern quadrant of its country". On 27 July 2024, the Majdal Shams attack occurred, killing 12 children in the Golan Heights area. The attack, which Israel and the US said was carried out by Hezbollah, marked an escalation in hostilities and opened discussion about a broader war with Lebanon. Hezbollah denied responsibility for the attack.

While the Biden administration publicly urged Israel to reach a negotiated solution with Hezbollah, senior white house officials including Amos Hochstein and Brett McGurk privately assured Israel that the US backed its decision to escalate militarily. On 17 September 2024, at least 12 people were killed and thousands of others including Hezbollah members and civilians were wounded across Lebanon and Syria following multiple explosions blamed on pagers used by Hezbollah to prevent their members being targeted by mobile phone signals. Among those reported injured was the Iranian ambassador to Lebanon, Mojtaba Amani. On 18 September 2024, a second series of explosions involving Hezbollah communication devices occurred across Lebanon. On 20 September, Israel launched an airstrike in Dahieh, Beirut targeting Hezbollah's operations commander Ibrahim Aqil. At least 45 people were killed including Aqil, senior Hezbollah commander Ahmed Mahmoud Wahabi. Between 19 and 22 September, Hezbollah launched multiple rocket attacks against Israel causing injuries and damage. Hezbollah also said that it targeted Israeli airbases, intelligence bases and a tank. On 23 September, Israel conducted over 1,600 strikes in its deadliest attack on Lebanon since 2006, killing at least 558 people and injuring more than 1,835 others. Hezbollah launched more than 300 rockets at Israel on the same day. On 26 September, an Israeli strike on a building in Younine killed at least 20 people.

On 27 September, the IDF struck Hezbollah's central headquarters in Beirut, targeting Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah. Al-Manar reported that four buildings collapsed in the attack. At least six people including Nasrallah died and at least 100 were injured. On 28 September, the IDF struck civil defense centres and a medical clinic in Taybeh and Deir Siriane killing 11 people. On 29 September, an Israeli air strike on a home in Dahr-al-Ain killed at least 11 people. The Lebanese National News Agency reported that at least 17 members of a family were killed in an Israeli air strike in Zboud. An Israeli strike in Ain El Delb killed 45 people. Another strike in Bekaa killed 12 people.

On 1 October, the IDF confirmed that it was conducting a "limited, localized" ground operation into southern Lebanon. An Israeli strike on a house in Al-Dawoudiya killed at least 10 people and injured five others. On 2 October, Israeli forces were ambushed by Hezbollah fighters in Odaisseh and forced to retreat while attempting to dismantle militant infrastructure. Six soldiers from the Egoz Unit were killed and several others were injured, including five seriously. Two soldiers of the Golani Brigade were killed. The IDF said that 20 Hezbollah militants were killed during the clash. An Israeli air strike destroyed three houses in the Bekaa Valley killing 11 people. On 3 October, an Israeli strike on the municipality building in Bint Jbeil killed 15 people. On 7 October, two Israeli airstrikes in towns south of Beirut killed at least 12 people. Israeli warplanes struck a fire station affiliated with the Islamic Health Authority in Baraachit, killing ten people. On 10 October, an Israeli airstrike in central Beirut killed at least 22 people and injured 117 others. Israel said it was targeting Wafic Safa, but Safa reportedly survived. On 12 October, four Israeli soldiers were killed and 61 were wounded in a drone strike on an army base near Binyamina. On 14 October, an Israeli airstrike on an apartment building in Aitou in northern Lebanon killed at least 21 people. On 15 October, the UNHCR said that over 25% of Lebanon was under evacuation orders of Israel. Israeli air strikes in Qana killed 15 people. On 16 October, an Israeli airstrike on the municipal building of Nabatieh killed at least 16 people, including the town's mayor Ahmad Kahil and injured 52 others. Israeli forces also detonated explosives throughout the town of Mhaibib, home to the tomb of the prophet Benjamin, destroying nearly all of it. Videos surfaced of soldiers laughing and celebrating as they watched the destruction from a distance. On 19 October, a drone struck Benjamin Netanyahu's residence in Caesarea. Netanyahu was not in the residence at the time and no casualties were reported. Hezbollah later claimed responsibility for the attack. On 22 October, an Israeli airstrike on a house in Teffahta killed 19 people. An Israeli airstrike near the Rafik Hariri University Hospital in Beirut killed at least 18 people, and injured at least 60 others. On 23 October, the IDF said that it killed three Hezbollah sector commanders and 70 other Hezbollah militants. Air attacks on Dahieh resumed in what was called one of the worst nights of bombing in the neighborhood to date. Six buildings, including the offices of Al Mayadeen, were destroyed in seventeen raids. On 24 October, the IAF attacked over 160 targets in Lebanon. On 27 October, the IDF claimed to have killed 70 Hezbollah fighters. On 29 October, nine people were killedIsraeli airstrikevsoutheast of Sidon. Another airstrike in Sarafand killed 10 people. On 30 October the IAF hit more than 100 targets in Lebanon. Israeli airstrikes in Sohmor killed 11 people. Israeli strikes killed 19 people in two towns in Baalbek District. On 1 November, an Israeli airstrike on a home in Amhaz killed at least 12.

Houthi militants in Yemen have launched strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the Red Sea. On 19 October 2023, the United States Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the Red Sea towards Israel. On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson Yahya Saree said that the group had launched ballistic missiles and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory." On 19 November, the Galaxy Leader, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a Mil Mi-17 helicopter.

On 3 December, the Houthis said that they had attacked two ships, the Unity Explorer and Number 9 in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea". Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country would "act in order to remove this naval siege".

On 19 July, a Houthi drone strike killed one person and wounded 10 near the US embassy in Tel Aviv. On 20 July Israeli planes struck military facilities and oil depots at the port of Hodeidah in response, killing at least 6 people and wounding at least 83 people. On 29 September, the Israeli Air Force struck power plants and port facilities in Al Hudaydah and Ras Issa killing at least six people and injuring 57 others. The Ministry of Information claimed that the group had emptied the facilities used to store fuel prior to the attack.

Since November 2023, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq has claimed responsibility for drone and missile attacks against targets within Israel in retaliation for Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilians in Gaza. The group stated it would continue to "strike enemy strongholds". Strikes were recorded in Eilat, the Dead Sea coastline, the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, the Karish rig, Haifa Bay, Ashdod, Kiryat Shmona, Tel Aviv, and in Elifelet.

In late January, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq announced it had entered its second phase of operations which included blockading the Mediterranean maritime routes to Israeli ports and disabling the ports. Since then, the group has launched joint military operations on Israel with the Houthis targeting ships in Haifa port.

On 3 October 2024, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq launched a kamikaze drone attack on a military base in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, killing two IDF soldiers and injuring 24 others. By late October, the Iraqi resistance had launched drones on an average of around five times a day. In one 24-hour period in October, the ISI launched eight drones at Israel.

There have been numerous attacks claimed by or blamed on Israel since the start of the war in Gaza. In roughly the first year of the war, Israel struck Syria more than 220 times, killing 296 people. On 10 October 2023, Israel exchanged rocket and mortar fire with forces in southern Syria. On 12 October, Israel bombed Damascus International Airport and Aleppo International Airport ahead of a visit to Syria by Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian. Since 2024, Israel has continued to launch airstrikes at targets in Syria, including in Damascus and Aleppo. A January 2024 strike on Damascus may have killed Iranian general Sadegh Omidzadeh, though the IRGC did not officially corroborate the news of his death. In April, Israel bombed the Iranian consulate in Damascus. On 13 July 2024, one soldier was killed and three other people were injured in Israeli strikes in and around Damascus. On 27 September 2024, Israeli forces struck the Lebanon-Syria border, killing five Syrian soldiers. On 30 September, several people including a state television presenter were killed in an Israeli strike on Damascus. On 4 October, two Israeli soldiers were killed and 24 were wounded in a drone attack by the Islamic Resistance in Iraq on an Israeli base in the Golan Heights. However, the group denied responsibility for the attack. On 8 October an Israeli airstrike on Damascus killed 13 people. On 14 October, two Israeli tanks crossed into Syria, positioning themselves south of Quneitra. On 20 October, a guided missile attack on a car killed two people near the Golden Mazzeh hotel in Damascus. On 31 October, SANA reported that Israeli strikes hit a number of residential buildings in Al-Qusayr, damaging its industrial zone and killing 10 people, including civilians. The IDF said that it struck Hezbollah command centers and weapon depots.

On 24 November 2023, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the CMA CGM Symi, owned by Eastern Pacific Shipping, whose principal is Israeli, in the Indian Ocean, according to a US defense official. An anonymous source said the drone was suspected to have been a Shahed-136 drone. The attack caused damage to the ship but did not injure any of the crew.

In December, the US military was reportedly looking to build a maritime task force to protect trade against Iranian harassment.

On 23 December, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the Israel-affiliated oil tanker MV Chem Pluto in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Gujarat. The attack did not harm any of its 20 crew members, but caused a fire that was extinguished. The vessel was reportedly carrying Saudi oil to Mangalore, India.

On 13 April 2024, the IRGC Navy boarded the Portuguese-registered and Madeira-flagged container ship MSC Aries in the Strait of Hormuz via helicopter, and directed it to Iranian territory for "violating maritime law". The ship is leased by MSC from Gortal Shipping, an affiliate of Zodiac Maritime, whose principal is Israeli.

On 31 July, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was assassinated in Tehran, where he had traveled to attend the inauguration of President Masoud Pezeshkian. Iranian media said an Israeli strike took place at 02:00 and targeted a residence for war veterans in North Tehran, where Haniyeh was staying.

On 13 April, following an Israeli airstrike on its consulate building in Damascus, Syria on 1 April, Iran launched Operation True Promise, a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel, attacking the country from Iranian soil for the first time.

On 1 October 2024, Iran began firing missiles at Israel in at least two waves, with sirens being heard across the country. Explosions were heard overhead across Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. The IDF confirmed over 100 missiles were fired by Iran.

On 12 October, the United States authorized the deployment of THAAD missile defense systems and American crews to man them to Israel in anticipation of an Iranian response to the planned Israeli retaliation for Iran's 1 October strikes. Massive cyberattacks were reported on nuclear facilities and government agencies of Iran. Leaked US intelligence documents revealed that Israel was conducting covert drone operations over Iran in preparation for a strike. The documents also showed that the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency was monitoring Israeli weapons movements, ground forces, air defenses, navy, air and special forces, and nuclear weapons, but that it lacked the intelligence to anticipate an Israeli strike. US intelligence did not find any indication that Israel was planning to use nuclear weapons in its response. On 23 October, Gholamreza Jalali, the head of Iran's National Organization for Passive Defense said that Israeli cyberattacks against Iranian interests are continuing, but they are facing a "layer-by-layer" defence strategy that have kept them at bay. On 24 October, IRGC chief Hossein Salami claimed that THAAD systems will not be enough if Israel prompts an Iranian attack by attacking Iran. On 26 October, the IDF carried out airstrikes in Iran in response to its attacks against Israel. An Iranian civilian and four Iranian soldiers were killed in the strikes.

As of 29 October 2024, over 44,000 people (43,061 Palestinian and 1,706 Israeli) have been reported as killed in the Israel–Hamas war, including 134-146 journalists and media workers, 120 academics, and over 224 humanitarian aid workers, including 179 employees of UNRWA.

The vast majority of casualties have been in the Gaza Strip. The Gaza Health Ministry (GHM) total casualty count is the number of deaths directly caused by the war, while the demographic breakdown is a subset of those individually identified. On 17 September 2024, the GHM published the names, gender and birth date of 34,344 individual Palestinians whose identities were confirmed. This reflects more than 80% of the casualties reported so far; of these, 60% were not men of fighting age. The GHM count does not include those who have died from "preventable disease, malnutrition and other consequences of the war". An analysis by the Gaza Health Projections Working Group predicted thousands of excess deaths from disease and birth complications. According to a PCPSR report, over 60% of Gazans have lost family members since 7 October 2023.

According to a letter sent to President Joseph R. Biden, Vice President Kamala D. Harris, and others on October 2, 2024 by 99 American healthcare workers who have served in the Gaza Strip since October 7, 2023, based on starvation standards by the United States-funded Integrated Food Security Phase Classification and cited in a study from the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University, the most conservative estimate that they could calculate based on the available data was at least 62,413 deaths in Gaza from starvation (most of them young children) and at least 5,000 deaths from lack of access to care for chronic diseases.

The 7 October attacks on Israel killed 1,195 people, including 815 civilians. A further 479 Palestinians, including 116 children, and 9 Israelis have been killed in the occupied West Bank (including East Jerusalem). Casualties have also occurred in other parts of Israel, as well as in southern Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, and Iran.

According to the Israeli Ministry of Defense's Rehabilitation Division, about 1,000 soldiers are wounded every month. On 14 August 2024, the ministry predicted that it would have to account for 100,000 disabled IDF veterans by 2030 due to the war.

The Gaza Strip is experiencing a humanitarian crisis as a result of the Israel–Hamas war. The crisis includes both a famine and a healthcare collapse. At the start of the war, Israel tightened its blockade on the Gaza Strip, which has resulted in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies. This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water. Widespread disease outbreaks have spread across Gaza.

Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the crisis. Direct attacks on telecommunications infrastructure by Israel, electricity blockades and fuel shortages caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers. Lack of internet access has obstructed Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of IDF operations, and identifying both the areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes. The blackouts have also impeded emergency services, making it more difficult to locate and access the time-critical injured, and have impeded humanitarian aid agencies and journalists as well. By December 2023, 200,000 Gazans (approximately 10% of the population) had received internet access through an eSIM provided by Connecting Humanity.

The Gaza Health Ministry reported over 4,000 children killed in the war's first month. UN Secretary General António Guterres stated Gaza had "become a graveyard for children." Indirect Palestinian deaths are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of health care infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee, and reduction in UNRWA funding, with one Lancet study stating that the death toll in Gaza, including future deaths indirectly caused by the war, might exceed 186,000. Organizations such as Doctors Without Borders, the Red Cross, and a joint statement by UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the UN Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, and World Food Programme have warned of a dire humanitarian collapse. On 8 November, UN Human Rights chief Volker Türk described the Rafah Crossing as "gates to a living nightmare."

On 30 July 2024, the Gaza Health Ministry announced a polio epidemic in Gaza. After 44 days the World Health Organization reported reaching the target of polio vaccination for children of the Gaza strip. Water consumption now averages 4.74 liters a day pro capita, 95.53 liters short of the WHO-mandated minimum.

The scale, extent, and pace of destruction of buildings in the Gaza Strip ranks among the most severe in modern history, surpassing the bombing of Dresden, Hamburg, and London combined during World War II. The 29,000 munitions – shells and bombs – that Israel had dropped on Gaza in three months greatly exceed the amount (3,678) dropped by the United States between 2004 and 2010 after its invasion of Iraq. After a year, the UN estimates that a total of 42m tonnes of rubble clutter the Strip, to clear and rebuilt which might take 80 years, and cost over $80bn. An earlier estimate worked out that 300 kilograms of rubble on average existed per square metre of Gaza. The estimated extent of the destruction ranges from 35% of all buildings (March 2024, UNITAR) to 70% (December 2023, The Wall Street Journal), with a higher level of destruction in northern Gaza. The damage to buildings in northern Gaza reportedly exceeds that in Bakhmut and Mariupol in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Aleppo in the Battle of Aleppo, and Mosul and Raqqa in the War against the Islamic State; by 5 December 2023, the percentage of buildings damaged or destroyed in Gaza exceeded Dresden and Cologne during World War II and approached the level of destruction seen in Hamburg. Bombing has destroyed or damaged apartment buildings, hospitals, schools, religious sites, factories, and shopping centers. The Guardian reported that the scale of destruction has led international legal experts to raise the concept of domicide, which it describes as "the mass destruction of dwellings to make [a] territory uninhabitable".

A UN Commission to the Israel–Palestine conflict stated that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable." On 27 October, a spokesperson for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) called for an independent court to review potential war crimes committed by both sides.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) confirmed that its mandate to investigate alleged war crimes committed since June 2014 in the State of Palestine extends to the current conflict. On 20 May, ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced his intention to seek arrest warrants against Hamas leaders Yahya Sinwar, Mohammed Deif and Ismail Haniyeh and Israeli leaders Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity during the war.

On 7 June 2024, both Israel and Hamas were added to the list of shame, an annex attached to an annual report submitted by the UN Secretary-General documenting rights violations against children in armed conflict. While past reports accused Israel of grave rights violations against children, the country was never included in the annex.

On 19 June 2024, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory presented a detailed report to the United Nations Human Rights Council covering the war from 7 October to 31 December 2023, affirming that both Hamas and Israel committed war crimes and that Israel's actions also constituted crimes against humanity. In a second report, the Commission found that Israel had carried out a policy of destroying Gaza's healthcare system.

The June report found that the military wing of Hamas and six other Palestinian armed groups are responsible for the war crimes of intentionally directing attacks against civilians, murder or willful killing, torture, inhuman or cruel treatment, destroying or seizing the property of an adversary, outrages upon personal dignity, and taking hostages, including children. In relation to IDF operations and attacks in Gaza, the commission concluded that Israeli authorities are responsible for the war crimes of starvation as a method of warfare, murder or willful killing, intentionally directing attacks against civilians and civilian objects, forcible transfer, sexual violence, torture and inhuman or cruel treatment, arbitrary detention and outrages upon personal dignity. It also found that Israel committed numerous crimes against humanity, including carrying out the extermination of Palestinians and gender persecution targeting Palestinian men and boys. The commission said that they had submitted 7,000 pieces of evidence to the International Criminal Court related to crimes committed by Israel and Hamas, as part of the International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine.

In another report published in October 2024, the commission accused Israel of "committing war crimes and the crime against humanity of extermination with relentless and deliberate attacks on medical personnel and facilities" as well as accusing the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza. The report also addressed the detention of Palestinians in Israeli military camps and facilities, finding that thousands of child and adult detainees, many arbitrarily detained, faced widespread abuse, including physical and psychological violence, rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence, and conditions amounting to torture, highlighting that deaths resulting from such abuse or neglect constituted war crimes and violations of the right to life. Israel refused to cooperate with the investigation, contending that it had an "anti-Israel" bias.

The war sparked a major diplomatic crisis, with many countries around the world reacting strongly to the conflict that affected the momentum of regional relations. At least nine countries withdrew their ambassadors and cut diplomatic ties with Israel. The war has also resulted in a renewed focus on a two-state solution to the broader conflict. Global public opinion of Israel has dropped during the war as well; a Morning Consult poll published in January 2024 indicated that the United States was the only remaining wealthy country in which Israel had net positive approval.

Negotiations have focused on the possibility of a ceasefire in the war, with Egypt and Qatar serving as mediators in negotiations between Israel and Hamas. The United Nations Security Council passed resolution 2728 in March 2024, demanding an immediate ceasefire and the unconditional release of hostages for the month of Ramadan.

Following talks mediated by China, on 23 July 2024, Palestinian groups including Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement to end their divisions and form a unity government for Gaza, which they announced in the Beijing Declaration.

At the UNGA, Saudi Arabia announced a global alliance to seek a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide said almost 90 countries were at the launch of The Global Alliance for the Implementation of a Palestinian State and a Two-State Solution. On 29 September, Saudi Arabia said they would send aid to the Palestinian Authority, $60 million in six installments according to a senior Palestinian Authority official. The aid is seen as means of keeping the PA solvent and keeping the push for a two state solution alive notwithstanding Israeli financial restrictions.

The Israeli government's response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel has multiple aspects, including a military response leading to the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip. In October, the Knesset approved a war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority.

Settler expansions and officials' controversial remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism.

In an interview to the Wall Street Journal on 25 December, Netanyahu said that Israel's objectives were to "destroy Hamas, demilitarize Gaza and deradicalize the whole of Palestinian society". There was broad support in Israeli society for military operations in Gaza. Public opinion poll conducted in December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 87% of Jewish Israelis supported the war in Gaza.

Initially, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas asserted the Palestinian people's right to self-defense against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops" and condemned the orders by Israel for residents to evacuate north Gaza, labeling it a "second Nakba". Later, Abbas rejected the killing of civilians on both sides, and said that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the sole representative of the Palestinian people.

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2024)

Significant geopolitical divisions emerged during the war. Much of the Western world provided strong diplomatic and military support to Israel, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany although the strong support of Western governments is "at odds with the attitudes of Western publics which continue to shift away from Israel." Hugh Lovatt of the European Council on Foreign Relations says that during the Cold War, Israel sided with the West against the Arab countries supported by the Soviets, and Western leaders generally see Israel "as a fellow member of the liberal democratic club" and that this partially "explains the continued strong Western support for Israel – which has now largely become reflexive". At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct on 7 October as terrorism, including a joint statement by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany.

In contrast, the Islamic world and much of the Global South denounced the actions of Israel and its allies, criticizing the "moral authority of the West" and alleging that it holds double standards surrounding human rights. The double standards, in their view, is condemning an illegal occupation in Ukraine while standing firmly behind Israel that has occupied Palestinian lands. Bolivia has cut all ties with Israel as a result of the conflict, while fellow South American countries Colombia and Chile recalled their ambassadors to the country.

The United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have supplied Israel with substantial military and medical aid.

The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.

Brazil announced a rescue operation of nationals using an air force transport aircraft. Poland announced that it would deploy two C-130 transport planes to evacuate 200 of its nationals. Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two TAROM planes and two private aircraft on the same day. Australia also announced repatriation flights. 300 Nigerian pilgrims in Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.

On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due to available commercial flights. However, most commercial flights were suspended. Nepal arranged a flight to evacuate at least 254 of its citizens who were studying in Israel. India launched Operation Ajay to evacuate its citizens from Israel. Ukraine has facilitated the evacuation of around 450 of its citizens from Israel as of 18 October, with additional evacuation flights in the planning for the near future.

According to Daniel Byman and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in Palestinian politics. They predicted the PLO's further decline if the status quo held. Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO.

Amit Segal, chief political commentator for Israel's Channel 12, said that the conflict would test Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as prime minister, noting that past wars had toppled the governments of several of his predecessors such as that of Golda Meir following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Menachem Begin following the 1982 Lebanon War, and Ehud Olmert following the 2006 Lebanon War. Citing the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to the incumbent government focusing more on internal dissent, the judicial reform, and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories, some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up Hamas, and described him as a liability.

In an analysis by The Times of Israel, the newspaper wrote, "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia." Andreas Kluth wrote in his Bloomberg News column that Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed between Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the United States would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to "blow the whole thing up". He added that viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse, considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution for the conflict. He suggested they would prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid state.

The Bank of Israel estimates that by 2025, the war will have cost the country US$67 billion, notwithstanding a $14.5 billion US aid package, part of the $22.76 billion the U.S. has so far allocated for military assistance.

As early as 9 November 2023, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labor supply caused by the war was costing the Israeli economy $600 million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP. The bank also stated that the estimate did not include damage caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers. In the final quarter of 2023, the Israeli economy shrank by 5.2% quarter-to-quarter due to labour shortages in construction and from the mobilization of 300,000 reservists. While Israel did still see economic growth of 2%, this was down from 6.5% growth in the year before the war. Consumer spending declined by 27%, imports declined by 42% and exports declined by 18%.

Israel's high-tech factories reported on 25 December that recent bureaucratic obstacles with electronic imports from China had led to higher import costs and delayed delivery times. Israeli officials also reported that China had refused to send workers to their country during the war against the backdrop of a worker shortage in Israel's construction and farming sectors. China's actions were described as a de facto sanction.

The 3,500-member Water Transport Workers Federation of India said it would refuse to operate shipments carrying weapons to Israel. The declaration came a few months after one Indian company halted production of Israeli police uniforms due to the war in Gaza.

About 9,855 Thai workers in the agricultural sector, 4,331 workers in the construction sector and 2,997 in the nursing sector left Israel following the 7 October attack. In addition, the prevention of 85,000 Palestinian workers from entering Israel created a shortage of about 100,000 foreign and Palestinian workers.

It has been calculated that the carbon cost in terms of climate impact of rebuilding Gaza would exceed the annual greenhouse emissions of 135 countries.

In reporting on the conflict, foreign media such as CNN, ABC, NBC, The New York Times, and Fox News have limited access to Gaza and only in the presence of Israeli soldiers. Vox reported that the news organizations "have to submit all materials and footage to the IDF for review before publication". The conflict has also seen large numbers of journalists wounded or killed in action. On 14 December, CBS reported on a statement from the International Federation of Journalists that "the number of journalists killed in the past two months in the war in Gaza has surpassed the amount killed in the Vietnam War, which lasted two decades". Reporters Without Borders filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court under section 8.2.b of the Rome Statute, accusing Israel of committing war crimes against 8 journalists. It also lodged a complaint against Hamas, under section 8.2.a of the Rome Statute for the killing of a reporter covering the 7 October attack. The Committee to Protect Journalists has accused Israel of targeting journalists reporting from Gaza and their families, saying that in at least two cases, "journalists reported receiving threats from Israeli officials and Israel Defense Forces officers before their family members were killed".

• Misinformation in the Israel-Hamas war
• Outline of the Israel–Hamas war
• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
• List of wars involving Israel
• List of wars involving the State of Palestine
• Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023
• Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2024