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  • 21 Aug, 2019

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Zepu County
Poskam County (Posgam, Uyghur: پوسكام ناھىيىسى), also Zepu County (Chinese: 泽普县) is a county in Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. The county is located on the southern bank of the Yarkand River, also known as the Zarafshān River (泽勒普善河). Poskam County is bordered to the north and west across the Yarkand River by Yarkant County (Shache) and to the south and east by Kargilik County (Yecheng).

History

In 1921, Poskam County was established.

After the Communist takeover, Poskam (Zepu) County was part of Yarkant Prefecture (莎車專區), which was dissolved and became part of Kashgar Prefecture in June 1956.

In 1990, 'unauthorized' mosque construction in Poskam (Zepu) County was reported in the Xinjiang Daily.

Chinese state media reported that in the early morning of October 24, 1999, two died, two were injured and major property damage was sustained at the Seyli (Saili) Township police office in a terrorist attack.

On the morning of March 4, 2004, a fire broke out in the Kalatuzi coal mine killing at least six people.

On March 12, 2005, several Uyghur students and their teachers were arrested after a fight with Han Chinese outside Poskam Petroleum No.1 Middle School.

As reported by Radio Free Asia, on August 23, 2013, at least six Uyghurs (possibly twelve) were killed and twenty wounded in a raid carried out by about seventy to eighty armed security personnel on a place in Jigdejay village (Jigedaijiayi; جىگدەجاي كەنتى / 吉格代加依村 38°05′33″N 77°05′00″E / 38.092382°N 77.083273°E / 38.092382; 77.083273), Kuybagh (Kuiyibage) township near the edge of the desert thought to be a 'terrorist' or separatist training camp and munitions center.

On August 27, 2018, Tong'an Township was established. (See also: Kosrap)

In 2018, Poskam County was among ten counties in Xinjiang named by the Ministry of Commerce as a model rural e-commerce county. The county was also listed as the only county in Kashgar Prefecture reaching the standard for a national-level public sanitation county.

In 2019, China National Petroleum Corp announced plans to close Taxinan refinery (塔西南勘探开发公司).

Geography

The county is between 1215 and 1490 meters above sea level. The land is flat and soil is fertile. Rainfall amounts are low.

Climate

Climate data for Poskam, elevation 1,275 m (4,183 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		30.1
(86.2) 		34.4
(93.9) 		36.1
(97.0) 		41.0
(105.8) 		38.5
(101.3) 		38.6
(101.5) 		34.0
(93.2) 		29.4
(84.9) 		25.4
(77.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		27.7
(81.9) 		31.2
(88.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		26.9
(80.4) 		20.8
(69.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		2.7
(36.9) 		19.3
(66.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.2
(22.6) 		0.5
(32.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		20.2
(68.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		25.0
(77.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		19.2
(66.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		4.1
(39.4) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		12.1
(53.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −10.2
(13.6) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		16.9
(62.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		6.1
(42.9)
Record low °C (°F) −23.3
(−9.9) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		10.9
(51.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−20.2
(−4.4) 		−23.3
(−9.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.9
(0.11) 		3.1
(0.12) 		3.7
(0.15) 		4.7
(0.19) 		11.9
(0.47) 		11.6
(0.46) 		11.8
(0.46) 		11.0
(0.43) 		5.8
(0.23) 		1.0
(0.04) 		1.9
(0.07) 		1.6
(0.06) 		71
(2.79)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.4 3.3 4.7 4.2 3.5 2.4 0.8 0.5 1.9 28.3
Average snowy days 5.4 3.1 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 4.5 14
Average relative humidity (%) 64 55 43 39 45 47 53 58 60 58 57 67 54
Mean monthly sunshine hours 174.6 179.2 209.3 222.6 262.2 297.6 293.5 264.7 244.2 248.9 210.2 173.9 2,780.9
Percent possible sunshine 57 58 56 56 59 67 66 64 67 73 71 59 63
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Administrative divisions

The county includes 2 towns, 10 townships, 1 ethnic township, and 2 township-level divisions:

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Administrative division code
Towns
Poskam Town
(Zepu Town) 		泽普镇 Zépǔ Zhèn پوسكام بازىرى poskam baziri 653124100
Küybagh Town
(Kuiyibage Town) 		奎依巴格镇 Kuíyībāgé Zhèn كۈيباغ بازىرى küybagh baziri 653124101
Townships
Poskam Township
(Bosikamu Township) 		波斯喀木乡 Bōsīkāmù Xiāng پوسكام يېزسى poskam yëzsi 653124200
Zhima Township
(Yima Township) 		依玛乡 Yīmǎ Xiāng ژىما يېزىسى zhima yëzsi 653124201
Gülbagh Township
(Gulebage Township) 		古勒巴格乡 Gǔlèbāgé Xiāng گۈلباغ يىزىسى gülbagh yëzsi 653124202
Seyli Township
(Saili Township) 		赛力乡 Sàilì Xiāng سەيلى يىزىسى seyli yëzsi 653124203
Ikkisu Township
(Yikensu Township) 		依肯苏乡 Yīkěnsū Xiāng ئىككىسۇ يېزىسى Ikkisu yëzsi 653124204
Tughchi Township
(Tuhuqi Township) 		图呼其乡 Túhūqí Xiāng تۇغچى يېزىسى tughchi yëzsi 653124205
Küybagh Township
(Kuiyibage Township) 		奎依巴格乡 Kuíyībāgé Xiāng كۈيباغ يېزىسى küybagh yëzsi 653124206
Aqtam Township
(Aketamu Township) 		阿克塔木乡 Kuíyībāgé Xiāng ئاقتام يېزىسى Aqtam yëzsi 653124207
Aykol Township
(Ayikule Township) 		阿依库勒乡 Āyīkùlè Xiāng ئاقتام يېزىسى Ayköl yëzsi 653124208
Tong'an Township 桐安乡 Tóng'ān Xiāng توڭئەن يېزىسى tong'en yëzsi 653124210
Ethnic townships
Buyluq Tajik Ethnic Township 布依鲁克塔吉克族乡 Bùyīlǔkè Tǎjíkèzú Xiāng بۇيلۇق تاجىك مىللىي يىزىسى buyluq tajik milliy yëzsi 653124209
township-level divisions
Poskam Certified Seed Farm 泽普县良种场 Zépǔ Xiàn Liángzhǒngchǎng پوسكام ناھىيە ئۇرۇمچىلىق مەيدانى poskam nahiye Urumchiliq meydani 653124401
State-owned Tree Farm 国营林场 Guóyíng Línchǎng 653124403

Economy

Irrigation is well-developed in the county, and the county is an important producer of wheat, rice, corn and cotton in southern Xinjiang. Grapes are a local speciality. Industries include mining, machinery, construction and cotton-spinning. As of 2017, Poskam County had 42,405.25 hectares of arable land. On January 14–15, 2020, Kashgar Prefecture officials carried out fourteen lectures in Poskam County on scientific methods of agriculture attended by more than 12,000 persons.

Tourism

A tourist attraction located in the county is Jinhuyang National Forest Park, rated as a AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China according to the official classification for tourist sights.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
2000181,721—    
2010206,936+1.31%

As of the end of 2016, 175,686 (84.1%) of the 208,950 residents of the county were Uyghur, 27,131 (13%) were Han Chinese, 4,463 (2.1%) were Mountain Tajik (China), and 1,670 (0.8%) were from other ethnic groups.

As of 2015, 181,256 of the 223,694 residents of the county were Uyghur, 35,950 were Han Chinese, 4,452 were Mountain Tajik (China) and 2,036 were from other ethnic groups.

According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 180,000.

As of the 2000 Census, ethnic minorities made up 79.38% of the population of Poskam County.

As of 1999, 75.29% of the population of Poskam (Zepu) County was Uyghur and 20.76% of the population was Han Chinese.

Transportation

Poskam is served by China National Highway 315 and the Kashgar-Hotan Railway.

Historical maps

  • Map including Poskam (labeled as Posgambasar) (1917)
    Map including Poskam (labeled as Posgambasar) (1917)
  • Map including Zepu (labeled as TSE-P'U (POSGAM)) and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (AMS, 1966)[b]
    Map including Zepu (labeled as TSE-P'U (POSGAM)) and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (AMS, 1966)
  • Map including Poskam (labeled as ZEPU TSE-P'U) (DMA, 1980)
    Map including Poskam (labeled as ZEPU TSE-P'U) (DMA, 1980)
  • From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Poskam (labeled as Zepu (Tse-p'u)) (DMA, 1980)[c]
    From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Poskam (labeled as Zepu (Tse-p'u)) (DMA, 1980)
  • Map including Poskam (labeled as Zepu (Tse-p'u)) (DMA, 1984)[d]
    Map including Poskam (labeled as Zepu (Tse-p'u)) (DMA, 1984)

Notes

  1. ^ Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe UTC+6 (Xinjiang Time), 2 hours behind Beijing.
  2. ^ From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"
  3. ^ From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."
  4. ^ From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative"

References

  1. ^ 泽普概况. 泽普政府网 (in Simplified Chinese). 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020 – via Internet Archive. 总面积987.97平方千米，其中耕地面积42405.25公顷。{...}地处泽勒普善河（今叶尔羌河）南岸。{...}1956年6月莎车专区撤销，泽普县划归喀什地区至今。{...}2016年末，全县总户数（含塔西南勘探开发公司）65684户，其中县属户数59804户；总人口208950人（含塔西南勘探开发公司），其中，维吾尔族175686人，占84.1％，汉族27131人，占13％，塔吉克族4463人，占2.1％，其他民族1670人，占0.8％。
  2. ^ 泽普县历史沿革. XZQH.org. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2020. 1921年置泽普县{...}2000年第五次人口普查，泽普县常住总人口181721人，{...}2003年，泽普县总面积999.66平方千米{...}2010年第六次人口普查，泽普县常住总人口206936人，其中：泽普镇31665人，奎依巴格镇10553人，塔里木油田公司18173人，波斯喀木乡20026人，依玛乡19628人，古勒巴格乡18571人，赛力乡16721人，依肯苏乡19340人，图呼其乡10359人，奎依巴格乡12713人，阿克塔木乡6652人，阿依库勒乡11728人，布依鲁克塔吉克族乡3564人，农场场部3776人，泽普县良种场1873人，园艺场1314人，国营林场280人。
  3. ^ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
  4. ^ 泽普概况. 泽普政府网. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2020. 2016年，泽普县辖10个乡、2个镇、4个场，133个行政村、14个社区。{...}2016年末，全县总户数（含塔西南勘探开发公司）65684户，其中县属户数59804户；总人口208950人（含塔西南勘探开发公司），其中，维吾尔族175686人，占84.1％，汉族27131人，占13％，塔吉克族4463人，占2.1％，其他民族1670人，占0.8％。男104471人，女104479人，男女性别比为49.9:50.1。人口出生率16.97‰，自然增长率11.55‰。
  5. ^ 1997年泽普县行政区划. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 19 November 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2020. 维吾尔族占77.1％，汉族占20.4%。
  6. ^ "Kashgar Tourism". Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2020 – via Internet Archive. Poskam County
  7. ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (2010). 建筑抗震设计规范 [GB50011-2010: Code for Seismic Design of Buildings] (in English and Simplified Chinese). Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press. p. 203 – via Google Books. Poskam County
  8. ^ Wang Song (9 January 2014). "Rural tourism becomes popular in China". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 27 January 2020. Performers of Uyghur ethnic group perform for tourists in Poskam County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Oct. 19, 2011.
  9. ^ Meng Qi; Zilin Wei; Ying Zhang; Qiyuan Zhang; Juanfeng Li; Longxian Zhang; Rongjun Wang (11 January 2020). "Genetic diversity of Blastocystis in kindergarten children in southern Xinjiang, China". Parasites & Vectors. 13 (15): 15. doi:10.1186/s13071-020-3890-0. PMC 6954523. PMID 31924261. Subtype ST3 was dominant in most of the counties surveyed, with ST1 appearing to be the predominant subtype in the Lop county and only ST1 being identified in the Poskam county (Table 1).
  10. ^ Poskam (Approved - N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  11. ^ Congressional-Executive Commission on China (31 October 2008). "CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2008". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 228 – via Internet Archive. Kashgar District Government (Online), "Let Society Be Stable and Harmonious, For the People To Be Without Fear-Work Report on Poskam County Striving to Establish a Region-Level Quiet and Stable County" [Rang shehui wending hexie wei baixing anjuleye-zepuxian zheng chuang zizhiquji ping'an xian gongzuo jishi], 3 December 07
  12. ^ Yang Fan; Gulchehra Keyum (18 June 2013). "Gas Stations in Xinjiang Bar Veil-Wearing Muslim Women". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Luisetta Mudie; Mamatjan Juma. Retrieved 27 January 2020. A Uyghur woman in Kashgar's Poskam county said that dressing curbs for Muslim women were not new in her area, saying notices to the effect have been introduced even in hospitals and libraries.
  13. ^ Dagikhudo Dagiev, Carole Faucher, ed. (2019). Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia: The Mountain Communities of Pamir. Routledge. p. [1]. ISBN 978-1-351-12426-3 – via Google Books. Poskam (Zepu) County is 30 km to the east of Yarkand and is the petroleum and natural gas producing hub of southern Xinjiang. The Tajik Ethnic village in Poskam County consists of a few smaller settlements scattered around the Boyluq area.
  14. ^ "Photo Archive --- Date:20040306". People's Daily. 6 March 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2020. Coal fire in Xinjiang
    Members of a rescue contingent scrutinize their equipment before they descend into the well of a coal mine caught with fire in Posgam County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, March 5, 2004. A fire broke out at the Kalatuzi coal mine Thursday morning and six persons were found dead so far. The fire was caused by an inflamed electrical cable in the mine, according to local government sources.
  15. ^ 泽普概况：地理位置. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  16. ^ "'Unauthorized' Mosque Construction Denounced". United States Joint Publications Research Service. 28 September 1990. p. 66. Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  17. ^ Record of the Terrorist Activities of the "East Turkisan" Forces. 五洲传播出版社. 2002. p. [2]. ISBN 7-5085-0106-3 – via Google Books. Early in the morning of October 24, 1999, terrorists attacked the police station in Saili Township, Zepu County, with guns, macheters, incendiary bottles and grenades. They shot one local security guard dead and wounded another, wounded a policeman and killed a criminal suspect in custody. After that, they burned ten rooms in the police station, and one jeep and three motorbikes belonging to the police.
    The Saili Township Police Station after it was attacked.
    An automobile burnt by the terrorists in the homicide-arson case in Zepu County.
  18. ^ J. Todd Reed, Diana Raschke (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Praeger Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-313-36540-9 – via Google Books. Early in the morning of October 24, 1999, terrorists attacked the police station in Saili Township, Zepu County, with guns, machetes, incendiary bottles and grenades. They shot one member of a local security guard dead and wounded another, wounded a policeman and killed a criminal suspect in custody. After that, they burned ten rooms, one jeep and three motorbikes belonging to the police station.
  19. ^ Luisetta Mudie and Sarah Jackson-Han (21 June 2005). "Uyghur Youths, Teacher Detained After School Brawl, Residents Say". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  20. ^ Shohret Hoshur; Qiao Long (17 September 2013). "Up to 12 Uyghurs Shot Dead in Raid on Xinjiang 'Munitions Center'". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Dolkun Kamberi; Mamatjan Juma; Luisetta Mudie. Written in English by Luisetta Mudie and Parameswaran Ponnudurai. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  21. ^ 关于同意泽普县设立桐安乡的批复（新政函[2018]150号）. 新疆民政 (in Simplified Chinese). 4 September 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2020. 2018年8月27日，自治区人民政府同意泽普县设立桐安乡，乡人民政府驻英阿瓦提村，隶属泽普县管辖。
  22. ^ 2018年电子商务进农村综合示范县名单. Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 25 September 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  23. ^ 全国爱卫会关于2018年国家卫生城市（区）和国家卫生县城（乡镇）复审结果的通报. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (in Simplified Chinese). 15 March 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  24. ^ Chen Aizhu; Zhang Min (10 April 2019). Shreejay Sinha; Christian Schmollinger (eds.). "CNPC to mothball refinery in Xinjiang for environmental, safety reasons". Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  25. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  26. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  27. ^ 关于印发《泽普县各乡镇场、社区、村标准地名》的通知. 泽普政府网 (in Uyghur and Simplified Chinese). 22 December 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2020. پوسكام ناھىيسىدىكى يېزا، بازار ، مەيدانلار، ئىجتىمائىي رايۇن ، مەمۇرى كەنىتلەرنىڭ ئۆلچەملىك يەر نامى 泽普县各乡、镇、场、社区、行政村标准地名 خەنزۇچە ئۇيغۇرچە 汉文 维吾尔文 泽普镇 پوسكام بازىرى{...}奎依巴格镇 كۈيباغ بازىرى{...}波斯喀木乡 پوسكام يېزسى{...}依玛乡 ژىما يېزىسى{...}古勒巴格乡 گۈلباغ يىزىسى{...}赛力乡 سەيلى يىزىسى{...}依克苏乡 ئىككىسۇ يىزىسى{...}图呼其乡 تۇغچى يىزىسى{...}奎依巴格乡 كۈيباغ يىزىسى{...}阿克塔木乡 ئاقتام يىزىسى{...}阿依库勒乡 ئايكۆل يىزىسى{...}布依鲁克塔吉克 民族乡 بۇيلۇق تاجىك مىللىي يىزىسى{...}县国营农场 ناھىيىلىك دۆلەت ئىگىلىگىدىكى دىھقانچىلىق مەيدانى{...}县良种场 ناھىيىلىك سۈپەتلىك ئۇرۇق يېتىشتۈرۈش مەيدانى 县国营林场 ناھىيىلىك دۆلەت ئىگىلىگىدىكى ئۇرمانچىلىق مەيدانى 县园艺场 ناھىيىلىك باغۋەنچىلىك مەيدانى{...}
  28. ^ 2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：泽普县 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2020. 统计用区划代码 名称 653124100000 泽普镇 653124101000 奎依巴格镇 653124200000 波斯喀木乡 653124201000 泽普县依玛乡 653124202000 古勒巴格乡 653124203000 赛力乡 653124204000 依肯苏乡 653124205000 图呼其乡 653124206000 奎依巴格乡 653124207000 阿克塔木乡 653124208000 阿依库勒乡 653124209000 布依鲁克塔吉克族乡 653124210000 桐安乡 653124400000 农场场部 653124401000 泽普县良种场 653124402000 园艺场 653124403000 国营林场
  29. ^ Émile Antoine Henry de Bouillane de Lacoste (1909). Around Afghanistan. Translated by J. G. Anderson. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. pp. 105–106 – via Internet Archive.
  30. ^ Complete Atlas Of The World (3 ed.). Penguin Random House. 2016. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-4654-4401-1 – via Internet Archive. Zepu
  31. ^ ""East Turkistan" Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity". Beijing: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 21 January 2002. Retrieved 27 January 2020. On December 30, 1999, the police discovered an underground hideout in Poskam Township, Zepu County. In this hideout, which was 3 meters from the ground and measured 3 meters long, 2 meters wide and 1.7 meters high, they found tools for making explosive devices, such as electric drills and electric welding machines, as well as blueprints and antitank grenades.
  32. ^ 夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). 辞海：第六版彩图本 [Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese). 上海. Shanghai: 上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. pp. 2857–2858. ISBN 978-7-5326-2859-9. 灌溉发达，为南疆重要小麦、稻、玉米和棉花产区。特产葡萄。工业有采矿、机械、建材、棉纺。
  33. ^ 【脱贫攻坚】喀什地区科协助力脱贫攻坚科普宣讲走进泽普县. 泽普政府网. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020. 据悉，喀什地区科协助力脱贫攻坚科普宣讲1月14日至15日在泽普开展14场宣讲，参与聆听的群众1.2万余人。（
  34. ^ "Kashgar Jinhuyang Cultural and Tourism Festival kicks off". Tianshannet. October 21, 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  35. ^ "表1 总人口、户籍人口、少数民族人口比重、非农业户口人口比重、城乡人口、家庭户人口、家庭户类别（全部数据）". stats.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2012-04-11. Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. 泽普县 181721 92193 89528 102.98 161717 79.38
  36. ^ 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 (in Simplified Chinese). Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  37. ^ Morris Rossabi, ed. (2004). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers (PDF). University of Washington Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-295-98390-6.
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